Computer Science Glossary
计算机科学术语表

An algorithm that finds the shortest path between two nodes and uses a heuristic function to optimise performance.
一种在两个节点之间寻找最短路径并使用启发式函数优化性能的算法。

The actual difference between a measured value and the true value.
测量值与真实值之间的实际差异。

A conceptual model of the way that data is arranged and the operations that can be carried out on the data.
数据组织方式及可对数据执行的操作的概念模型。

A tree representation of the key constructs of a piece of source code, showing the order of evaluation.
源代码关键构造的树状表示，显示了求值顺序。

A set of techniques used to solve complex problems that involves removing unnecessary details so the main processes involved can be easily identified.
用于解决复杂问题的一组技术，涉及移除不必要的细节，以便轻松识别涉及的主要过程。

An agreement between an organisation and its users that sets out how computer equipment, the network, and systems should be used, and specifies the ways in which their use is restricted.
组织与其用户之间的协议，规定了应如何使用计算机设备、网络和系统，并指定了限制使用的方式。

A state that will be reached when a valid string is input.
当输入有效字符串时将达到的状态。

Keywords that specify how the members (attributes and methods) of a class can be accessed. Common modifiers include 'public', 'private', and 'protected'.
指定如何访问类的成员（属性和方法）的关键字。常见的修饰符包括 'public'、'private' 和 'protected'。

The speed at which data can be written to and read from a storage device.
数据写入存储设备和从存储设备读取的速度。

The practice of removing barriers that prevent access to, or interaction with, products, services, and environments.
消除阻碍访问或交互产品、服务和环境的障碍的做法。

A communication pathway that is used to carry the address of a memory location in order to either read data from, or write data to, that memory location.
一种通信通路，用于传送内存位置的地址，以便从该内存位置读取数据或向其写入数据。

The number of parallel lines that make up the address bus. This will determine the amount of memory that can be addressed by the system.
组成地址总线的并行线路数量。这决定了系统可以寻址的内存量。

Part of a program instruction that specifies how the operand must be interpreted.
程序指令的一部分，指定必须如何解释操作数。

A list of nodes and their adjacent nodes.
节点及其相邻节点的列表。

A two-dimensional array used to store graph data.
用于存储图数据的二维数组。

Asymmetric digital subscriber line. Technology that enables the use of a standard telephone line to receive and transmit data. It enables higher download speeds than upload speeds.
非对称数字用户线路。一种能够使用标准电话线接收和传输数据的技术。它能够实现比上传速度更高的下载速度。

A computational entity designed to interact with an environment, learning to make decisions and take actions through trial-and-error learning and feedback mechanisms.
一种计算实体，设计用于与环境交互，通过试错学习和反馈机制学习做出决策和采取行动。

Defines a 'has-a' relationship between two classes. In aggregation, the objects can exist independently of each other.
定义两个类之间的“拥有”关系。在聚合中，对象可以彼此独立存在。

A software development methodology used to manage the stages of the software development life cycle.
一种用于管理软件开发生命周期各阶段的软件开发方法论。

A finite and well-defined sequence of steps that need to be followed to perform a task.
为执行任务而需要遵循的有限且明确定义的步骤序列。

Arithmetic logic unit. A component of the processor that performs arithmetic operations and logical comparisons.
算术逻辑单元。处理器的组件，执行算术运算和逻辑比较。

The height of an analogue wave, measured from its rest level, at a given point in time. For sound waves, this is a measurement of volume.
模拟波在给定时间点从其静止水平测量的高度。对于声波，这是音量的度量。

A signal that varies continuously over a period of time. Sound waves are typical examples of analogue wave forms.
随时间连续变化的信号。声波是模拟波形的典型例子。

A Boolean operation that outputs True if both input values are True.
一种布尔运算，如果两个输入值都为 True，则输出 True。

A deviation from the common rule that does not fit into any established pattern.
偏离常规规则，不符合任何既定模式。

Software that is used to detect and remove malware.
用于检测和删除恶意软件的软件。

A file handling mode that allows a program to write extra data at the end of a file without erasing the existing contents of the file.
一种文件处理模式，允许程序在文件末尾写入额外数据，而不会擦除文件的现有内容。

Used to add a new item or items to the end of a list.
用于将一个或多个新项添加到列表末尾。

Software designed to carry out a task for an end user, such as creating a document or sending an email.
旨在为最终用户执行任务（如创建文档或发送电子邮件）的软件。

A connection between two nodes in a graph data structure. Also called edge.
图数据结构中两个节点之间的连接。也称为边。

A data value or reference passed to a subroutine as required by its defined parameters.
按照定义的参数要求传递给子程序的数据值或引用。

Operators that perform mathematical operations on data, such as addition or division.
对数据执行数学运算（如加法或除法）的运算符。

A data structure whose elements can be accessed directly by index. The position of each element is computed at runtime.
一种数据结构，其元素可以通过索引直接访问。每个元素的位置在运行时计算。

The design and study of systems that appear to mimic intelligent behaviour.
看似模仿智能行为的系统的设计和研究。

American Standard Code for Information Interchange. An encoding format that allocates a numeric code to characters (e.g. digits, letters, punctuation marks, etc.) in order for them to be represented in binary within a computer system.
美国信息交换标准代码。一种编码格式，为字符（例如数字、字母、标点符号等）分配数字代码，以便它们可以在计算机系统中以二进制表示。

A program that translates assembly code into machine code.
将汇编代码翻译成机器代码的程序。

A low-level programming language that uses mnemonics to represent machine code operations.
一种使用助记符表示机器代码操作的低级编程语言。

A method of encryption in which a pair of keys (a public key and a private key) are used to encrypt and decrypt data.
一种加密方法，其中使用一对密钥（公钥和私钥）来加密和解密数据。

A method of communication where data is transmitted over a channel that is not controlled by a shared clock signal.
一种通信方法，其中数据通过不受共享时钟信号控制的通道传输。

A property or characteristic of a database entity. The attributes specify the data items that are used to define an entity.
数据库实体的性质或特征。属性指定用于定义实体的数据项。

A property of an object. The attributes specify the data items that are used to define the object.
对象的性质。属性指定用于定义对象的数据项。

A security measure used to verify a user's identity and level of permissions.
用于验证用户身份和权限级别的安全措施。

The deployment of technology to solve a problem with reduced human assistance.
部署技术以在减少人工协助的情况下解决问题。

A computer system that responds to inputs from it's environment and executes actions to achieve a goal without the need for human intervention.
一种计算机系统，它响应来自环境的输入并执行操作以实现目标，而无需人工干预。

A copy of data, usually stored on a separate device, that can be used to recover the data if a storage device fails or the original data is corrupted or lost.
数据的副本，通常存储在单独的设备上，如果存储设备发生故障或原始数据损坏或丢失，可用于恢复数据。

A technique for solving problems recursively.
一种递归解决问题的技术。

The theoretical maximum amount of data that can be transferred over a communication channel. It is measured in bits per second.
可以通过通信通道传输的理论最大数据量。以比特每秒为单位测量。

A means of representing data in machine-readable form. Barcodes have traditionally represented data by a set of parallel lines of varied width and spacing.
一种以机器可读形式表示数据的方法。条形码传统上通过一组宽度和间距变化的平行线来表示数据。

The number of unique digits used to represent numbers.
用于表示数字的唯一数字的数量。

A value for which there is a solution for a basic instance of a problem and which provides a stopping condition for recursion.
问题的基本实例有解的值，并为递归提供停止条件。

The speed of data transmission. The number of times per second that a signal changes (or could change).
数据传输的速度。信号每秒变化（或可能变化）的次数。

Data that is too large and complex to be dealt with by traditional processing methods and systems.
太大太复杂而无法用传统处理方法和系统处理的数据。

A formal notation for expressing the time or space complexity of an algorithm.
用于表示算法的时间或空间复杂度的形式化符号。

A number system that uses two distinct symbols (the digits 0 and 1) to represent a number. Also called base-2.
使用两个不同符号（数字 0 和 1）来表示数字的数字系统。也称为基数-2。

The process of adding two binary numbers.
两个二进制数相加的过程。

A file that stores data as binary sequences that can be interpreted by a computer system but are not in a human-readable format.
一种以二进制序列存储数据的文件，计算机系统可以解释这些序列，但它们不是人类可读的格式。

An algorithm to search for an item in a sorted data set. It discards half of the remaining data with each comparison and repeats the process until the item is found or until the data set is exhausted.
一种在排序数据集中搜索项目的算法。它在每次比较时丢弃一半的剩余数据，并重复该过程，直到找到项目或数据集耗尽。

A data structure that is designed for efficient searching where each node's value is greater than that of all nodes in its left subtree and less than that of all nodes in its right subtree.
一种专为高效搜索而设计的数据结构，其中每个节点的值都大于其左子树中所有节点的值，并且小于其右子树中所有节点的值。

Moving all the bits of a binary sequence one place to the left.
将二进制序列的所有位向左移动一位。

Moving all the bits of a binary sequence one place to the right.
将二进制序列的所有位向右移动一位。

A rooted tree where each node has a maximum of two child nodes.
一种有根树，其中每个节点最多有两个子节点。

A physical characteristic that can be used to authenticate an individual person.
可用于验证个人的身体特征。

Basic Input/Output System. Software that is stored in non-volatile memory, that carries out checks on core system components and starts up (boots) a computer system to the point where management and control can be passed to the operating system.
基本输入/输出系统。存储在非易失性存储器中的软件，用于检查核心系统组件并启动（引导）计算机系统，直到可以将管理和控制权传递给操作系统。

A binary digit. The basic unit of data within a computer system that has the value 0 or 1.
二进制数字。计算机系统内数据的基本单位，值为 0 或 1。

The number of bits used to encode each sample. Determines how accurately the sample can be represented. Also called sampling resolution.
用于编码每个样本的位数。决定了样本表示的准确度。也称为采样分辨率。

A unique string of binary digits used in a representation.
表示中使用的唯一二进制数字串。

The number of bits that are transmitted over a communications channel per second.
每秒通过通信通道传输的位数。

A type of digital image that is stored as pixels. Each pixel is represented by a single colour code. Also called bitmapped image.
一种以像素形式存储的数字图像。每个像素由单个颜色代码表示。也称为位图图像。

A type of digital image that is stored as pixels. Each pixel is represented by a single colour code. Also called bitmapped graphic.
一种以像素形式存储的数字图像。每个像素由单个颜色代码表示。也称为位图图形。

Testing that does not rely on understanding the inner workings of a program.
不依赖于理解程序内部工作原理的测试。

An attack in which the attacker invents a scenario in order to convince the victim to give them personal information or money.
一种攻击，攻击者编造场景以说服受害者向其提供个人信息或金钱。

A standard for wireless technology that is used for exchanging data over short distances.
用于短距离交换数据的无线技术标准。

Backus-Naur Form. A formal notation for describing a context-free language such as a programming language.
巴科斯-诺尔范式。一种用于描述上下文无关语言（如编程语言）的形式符号。

A branch of algebra where the variables have one of two possible values — True or False. These values are often expressed as 1 and 0.
代数的一个分支，其中变量具有两个可能值之一——真或假。这些值通常表示为 1 和 0。

A logical statement, made up of Boolean variables, Boolean constants and Boolean operators that will always evaluate as True or False.
由布尔变量、布尔常量和布尔运算符组成的逻辑语句，其计算结果始终为真或假。

A relation between two elements that always holds true for all possible values of the variable(s).
两个元素之间的关系，对于变量的所有可能值始终成立。

An operator that perform a logical comparison, such as AND, NOT, or OR. Also called logical operator.
执行逻辑比较的运算符，例如 AND、NOT 或 OR。也称为逻辑运算符。

A variable that takes one of only two values: True or False. These values are represented in binary as $1$ or $0$. Some systems will display the values as Yes/No.
一种仅取两个值之一的变量：True 或 False。这些值在二进制中表示为 $1$ 或 $0$。有些系统将这些值显示为 Yes/No。

The order in which devices are checked before an operating system is loaded when a computer system is powered on.
计算机系统通电后，在加载操作系统之前检查设备的顺序。

The process of starting up a computer system from hardware or firmware when it is powered on.
计算机系统通电后从硬件或固件启动的过程。

Software responsible for carrying out the boot process when the computer is first turned on.
计算机首次开启时负责执行引导过程的软件。

A group of computers infected by malware that can be controlled remotely.
一组感染了恶意软件并可被远程控制的计算机。

Test data that is on the limit of the acceptable range of valid data.
处于有效数据可接受范围极限的测试数据。

A method of searching a graph data structure that visits all nodes adjacent to the current node before moving on. Uses a queue to support the process.
一种搜索图数据结构的方法，它在继续之前访问与当前节点相邻的所有节点。使用队列来支持该过程。

A method of systematically trying all possibilities to find secret information (eg a password or encryption key).
一种通过系统地尝试所有可能性来查找秘密信息（例如密码或加密密钥）的方法。

A sorting algorithm that repeatedly compares pairs of values within a list and swaps them if they are out of order.
一种排序算法，它重复比较列表中的值对，如果顺序错误则交换它们。

A communication pathway along which signals are transmitted. Historically, a set of parallel wires.
传输信号的通信路径。历史上指一组平行导线。

The arrangement (usually logical) of a network where devices are connected over a shared main cable.
设备通过共享主电缆连接的网络排列（通常是逻辑上的）。

Eight bits of binary data.
八位二进制数据。

Low-level code, produced by a compiler, that can be interpreted by a virtual machine.
由编译器生成的低级代码，可由虚拟机解释。

High-speed memory used to hold the data that is accessed most frequently, to improve processor performance.
用于保存最频繁访问的数据以提高处理器性能的高速存储器。

A simple substitution cipher in which each letter is shifted by a certain number of places.
一种简单的替换密码，其中每个字母移动特定数量的位置。

A stack that is used to store information (stack frames) relevant to all subroutines that are currently running within a program.
用于存储与程序中当前运行的所有子程序相关的信息（栈帧）的栈。

The number of (distinct) elements in a set.
集合中（不同）元素的数量。

The set of all ordered pairs formed by multiplying the elements of two sets.
通过将两个集合的元素相乘形成的所有有序对的集合。

Changing the data type of a piece of data, for example, converting a string to an integer.
更改数据的类型，例如将字符串转换为整数。

Closed-circuit television. A security system where signals from video cameras are transmitted to a limited number of tvs for surveillance and monitoring.
闭路电视。一种安全系统，其中来自摄像机的信号被传输到有限数量的电视以进行监视和监控。

Compact disc. An optical storage device.
光盘。一种光学存储设备。

A trusted organisation that can authenticate the certificate for a website provider.
一个值得信赖的组织，可以验证网站提供商的证书。

A single letter, number, or symbol.
单个字母、数字或符号。

A system for representing letters, numbers, and symbols in binary, with each represented by a binary sequence.
一种用二进制表示字母、数字和符号的系统，每个都由二进制序列表示。

A value derived from a block of binary data that is used for error checking as part of a data communication system.
从二进制数据块派生的值，用作数据通信系统中错误检查的一部分。

Classless Inter-Domain Routing. A method that allows variable-length network identifiers. The length is typically indicated as a suffix to an IP address (a slash followed by the number of bits allocated to network ID).
无类别域间路由。一种允许可变长度网络标识符的方法。长度通常表示为 IP 地址的后缀（斜杠后跟分配给网络 ID 的位数）。

An algorithm that implements a method to convert plaintext messages to ciphertext (encryption) or ciphertext to plaintext (decryption).
实现将明文消息转换为密文（加密）或将密文转换为明文（解密）方法的算法。

An encrypted message that is the result of applying an encryption algorithm to a plaintext message.
对明文消息应用加密算法后得到的加密消息。

Current Instruction Register. The register that holds a copy of the instruction that is currently being decoded and executed.
当前指令寄存器。保存当前正在解码和执行的指令副本的寄存器。

A method of transferring data across a network, where the end-to-end path is established before any data is sent.
一种在网络中传输数据的方法，其中在发送任何数据之前建立端到端路径。

A way of implementing a queue based on a static array where free space at the start of the array is used once the end of the array is reached.
一种基于静态数组实现队列的方法，当到达数组末尾时，使用数组开头的空闲空间。

An identifier that can be applied to a collection of HTML elements to style them in a way that is specified by a corresponding CSS rule-set.
一种标识符，可应用于 HTML 元素集合，以按照相应的 CSS 规则集指定的方式设置它们的样式。

A definition of an object that describes its properties (attributes) and behaviours (methods).
描述其属性（特征）和行为（方法）的对象的定义。

A diagram that is used to model the classes within an OOP system. A rectangle is used to represent each class. Lines and arrows are used to show the relationships between the classes.
用于对 OOP 系统中的类进行建模的图表。矩形用于表示每个类。线条和箭头用于显示类之间的关系。

A software process that makes requests of servers within a client-server network.
在客户-服务器网络中向服务器发出请求的软件进程。

A networking architecture where devices are designated as clients or servers. Clients make requests for services from servers that respond to these requests.
一种网络架构，其中设备被指定为客户端或服务器。客户端请求服务器的服务，服务器响应该请求。

An electronic unit that generates pulses at a constant rate to synchronise related components.
以恒定速率产生脉冲以同步相关组件的电子单元。

The elapsed time between the change of signals from a clock.
时钟信号变化之间经过的时间。

The rate at which the processor can complete its programming cycle. Typically measured in gigahertz, where 1Ghz is one billion cycles per second.
处理器完成其编程周期的速率。通常以千兆赫兹为单位测量，其中 1GHz 是每秒十亿个周期。

Software for which the program source code is not made available to the general public.
其程序源代码不对公众开放的软件。

A method of storing and retrieving files using the internet. The files are hosted on remote servers maintained by the cloud storage provider.
一种使用互联网存储和检索文件的方法。文件托管在由云存储提供商维护的远程服务器上。

The set of data that defines all possible outputs of a function.
定义函数所有可能输出的数据集。

A cable made up of an inner conductor and an outer conducting shield, separated by an insulator.
由内部导体和外部导电屏蔽层组成的电缆，中间由绝缘体隔开。

The checking of code written by another programmer to ensure its quality.
检查由另一位程序员编写的代码以确保其质量。

Occurs when two (different) keys generate the same hash value.
当两个（不同的）键生成相同的哈希值时发生。

A situation on a network, where two or more devices transmit at the same time, on the same medium, and the electrical signals collide.
网络上的一种情况，其中两个或多个设备在同一介质上同时传输，导致电信号冲突。

The number of bits used to represent a colour. Also known as bit depth.
用于表示颜色的位数。也称为位深度。

A technique used to control multi-user access to a database based around ensuring that multiple commitments are processed in the correct order.
一种用于控制多用户访问数据库的技术，旨在确保多个提交按正确的顺序处理。

Operators, such as greater than, that perform comparisons on two data values. The operation returns either True or False.
对两个数据值执行比较的运算符，例如大于。该操作返回 True 或 False。

A program translator that goes through several stages to produce object code (an executable file).
经过几个阶段生成目标代码（可执行文件）的程序翻译器。

Measure of resources needed for an algorithm to complete, generally in time and memory requirements.
衡量算法完成所需的资源，通常是时间和内存需求。

A key that is made up of more than one attribute
由多个属性组成的键。

Defines an 'is-part-of' relationship between two classes. In composition, one object can exist only as part of another object.
定义两个类之间的“是...的一部分”关系。在组合中，一个对象只能作为另一个对象的一部分存在。

The process of reducing file size by applying a compression algorithm.
通过应用压缩算法减小文件大小的过程。

A measure of how hard it is to use a computer to crack a piece of ciphertext.
衡量使用计算机破解一段密文的难易程度。

Statements in program code that calculate or compare values.
程序代码中计算或比较值的语句。

The structure and organisation of a computer system.
计算机系统的结构和组织。

The hardware and software that work together for computation.
协同工作以进行计算的硬件和软件。

Joining two strings together to make a new string.
将两个字符串连接在一起形成一个新字符串。

A situation where one or more user(s) attempt(s) to access the same file or record at the same time.
一个或多个用户尝试同时访问同一文件或记录的情况。

A process where two or more threads (subtasks) can make progress simultaneously by being given slices of processor time.
两个或多个线程（子任务）通过获得处理器时间片同时进行的过程。

An expression that evaluates to True or False (such as within an 'if' statement).
计算结果为 True 或 False 的表达式（例如在 'if' 语句中）。

A computer program designed to be used with a text-only interface, where the user interacts by entering data via the keyboard and viewing text output on a display screen.
一种设计用于纯文本界面的计算机程序，用户通过键盘输入数据并在显示屏上查看文本输出来进行交互。

An identifier associated with an area of computer memory in which data is stored. The stored data cannot change during program execution.
与存储数据的计算机内存区域关联的标识符。存储的数据在程序执行期间不能更改。

The time complexity of an algorithm where the time taken to run it does not depend on the size of the input data set.
算法的时间复杂度，其中运行所需的时间不取决于输入数据集的大小。

A method that initialises and sets up a new class of the object.
初始化并设置对象新类的方法。

A class of formal languages where production rules are used to replace specific symbols in a string, regardless of the surrounding symbols. Such languages are used to describe the syntax of programming languages.
一类形式语言，其中产生式规则用于替换字符串中的特定符号，而不管周围的符号如何。此类语言用于描述编程语言的语法。

In sequence, one after another.
按顺序，一个接一个。

A communication pathway that carries signals to control the communication between the processor and other CPU components.
传输信号以控制处理器与其他 CPU 组件之间通信的通信路径。

A non-printing character in a character set which is used to trigger an action. For example, escape (ESC) and delete (DEL).
字符集中的非打印字符，用于触发操作。例如，转义 (ESC) 和删除 (DEL)。

Information, typically contained in a packet header, that provides data for packet routing, sequencing, and delivery.
通常包含在包头中的信息，提供用于包路由、排序和传递的数据。

An agreed method used to determine when messages should (and should not) be sent.
一种约定的方法，用于确定何时应该（以及不应该）发送消息。

A component of the processor that directs the operation of the other system components by providing timing and control signals. Also called program control unit (PCU).
处理器的一个组件，通过提供时序和控制信号来指导其他系统组件的操作。也称为程序控制单元 (PCU)。

One or more vectors that lie within the convex hull.
位于凸包内的一个或多个向量。

A representation of the space between two or more vectors.
两个或多个向量之间空间的表示。

A small text file created on your computer that stores web browsing session data or information to identify you next time you access that site.
在您的计算机上创建的一个小文本文件，用于存储 Web 浏览会话数据或信息，以便下次您访问该站点时识别您的身份。

The right given to the originator of a piece of work to control how it can be used.
赋予作品创作者控制其使用方式的权利。

A processing unit that contains an ALU, a control unit, and registers. A processor can have multiple cores, which can improve the performance of a computer system.
包含 ALU、控制单元和寄存器的处理单元。处理器可以有多个核心，这可以提高计算机系统的性能。

A high-performance router that forwards IP packets across the backbone of the internet.
一种高性能路由器，用于在互联网骨干网上转发 IP 数据包。

A set where the members can be counted using natural numbers.
其成员可以使用自然数计数的集合。

A set whose elements can be counted such that you will eventually get to a particular element in a finite amount of time.
一个集合，其元素可以被计数，使得你最终会在有限的时间内到达特定的元素。

Central processing unit. The part of the computer that executes program instructions to process data. It also handles main memory and input-output operations.
中央处理器。计算机执行程序指令以处理数据的部分。它还处理主存储器和输入输出操作。

Create, Read, Update, Delete. The main operations that can be carried out on data in a database.
创建、读取、更新、删除。可以在数据库中的数据上执行的主要操作。

The practice and study of techniques used for data encryption.
用于数据加密的技术的实践和研究。

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance. A method used to avoid collisions on a network. A device checks whether the communications channel is idle before attempting to transmit data.
载波监听多路访问/冲突避免。一种用于避免网络冲突的方法。设备在尝试传输数据之前检查通信信道是否空闲。

Cascading Style Sheets. A set of definitions that can be used to style the content and layout of an HTML page.
层叠样式表。一组可用于设置 HTML 页面内容和布局样式的定义。

Comma Separated Values. A text file in which each line is a record, and each record is divided into fields separated by a delimiter, usually a comma.
逗号分隔值。一种文本文件，其中每一行是一条记录，每条记录分为由分隔符（通常是逗号）分隔的字段。

The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular group of people.
特定人群的思想、习俗和社会行为。

An attempt to gain unauthorised access to a computer, computing system, or computer network with the intent to cause damage, to cause disruption, or to steal data.
企图未经授权访问计算机、计算系统或计算机网络，意图造成损害、破坏或窃取数据。

An unindexed part of the internet that must be accessed through specialist software and hosts a wide range of (mainly illegal) content.
互联网中未编入索引的部分，必须通过专用软件访问，托管着各种（主要是非法的）内容。

One or more values that can be input into, processed, and stored for later retrieval by a computer system.
可以输入到计算机系统、进行处理并存储以供以后检索的一个或多个值。

A way of describing the way that data is organised in a way that is independent of the implementation details.
一种描述数据组织方式的方法，独立于实现细节。

A communication pathway that is used to carry data between the processor and other CPU components.
用于在处理器和其他 CPU 组件之间传输数据的通信路径。

The process of sending and receiving data.
发送和接收数据的过程。

The process of extracting valuable information by discovering patterns in large data sets.
通过发现大数据集中的模式来提取有价值信息的过程。

A segment of data, usually from a larger message. Each segment has a header and travels independently through a network.
数据段，通常来自较大的消息。每个段都有一个标头，并独立地通过网络传输。

The same item of data being stored in multiple places.
同一数据项存储在多个位置。

An attribute of a data item that determines the values that can be stored and the operations that can be carried out on that data item. Examples of common data types are string, character, integer, float, and Boolean.
数据项的一个属性，决定了可以存储的值以及可以对该数据项执行的操作。常见数据类型的示例包括字符串、字符、整数、浮点数和布尔值。

Data from different sources that is brought together to be used in data analysis.
来自不同来源的数据汇集在一起​​用于数据分析。

An organised collection of data that can be as simple as a single file, and as complex as a set of related tables.
有组织的数据集合，可以简单到单个文件，也可以复杂到一组相关表。

DataBase Management System. A software package that allows a database administrator to maintain one or more databases.
数据库管理系统。允许数据库管理员维护一个或多个数据库的软件包。

Distributed Denial of Service. A malicious attempt to overwhelm a server by bombarding it with requests. In a distributed attack, the requests come from a large number of distributed computer systems, typically a botnet.
分布式拒绝服务。通过大量请求轰炸服务器来使其不堪重负的恶意尝试。在分布式攻击中，请求来自大量分布式计算机系统，通常是僵尸网络。

NOT (A AND B) is the same as (NOT A) OR (NOT B). NOT (A OR B) is the same as (NOT A) AND (NOT B).
NOT (A AND B) 等同于 (NOT A) OR (NOT B)。NOT (A OR B) 等同于 (NOT A) AND (NOT B)。

The process of finding and correcting errors in program code.
查找并纠正程序代码中错误的过程。

A hierarchical structure used in machine learning that is trained to make predictions by traversing from root to leaf nodes, where each internal node represents a decision and each leaf node represents an outcome or class label.
机器学习中使用的一种层次结构，通过从根节点遍历到叶节点来进行预测，其中每个内部节点表示一个决策，每个叶节点表示一个结果或类标签。

The process of stating the name of a variable or constant and defining its data type.
声明变量或常量的名称并定义其数据类型的过程。

The process of breaking down a large task into several subtasks.
将大任务分解为几个子任务的过程。

To decrease the value of a variable. For example, count = count - 1
减少变量的值。例如，count = count - 1

A technique used in the training of multi-layer artificial neural networks to enable a model to perform complex pattern recognition and decision-making tasks.
用于训练多层人工神经网络的技术，使模型能够执行复杂的模式识别和决策任务。

A device (typically a router) in a computer network that forwards packets to another network when the destination is not part of the internal network.
计算机网络中的一种设备（通常是路由器），当目的地不是内部网络的一部分时，将数据包转发到另一个网络。

A pre-defined value given to a component of a computer program (such as a variable or parameter) when none is explicitly provided.
当没有明确提供值时，赋予计算机程序组件（如变量或参数）的预定义值。

A set of instructions that is repeated a specific number of times. Typically it is implemented by using count-controlled loops, such as a for loop.
重复特定次数的一组指令。通常通过使用计数控制循环（如 for 循环）来实现。

The process of organising file blocks stored on a disk by grouping them into adjacent sectors.
通过将存储在磁盘上的文件块分组到相邻扇区来组织它们的过程。

The relationship between two entities (one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many).
两个实体之间的关系（一对一、一对多或多对多）。

A number system that uses ten distinct symbols (the numbers 0–9) to represent a number. Also called decimal or base-10.
使用十个不同符号（数字 0–9）来表示数字的数字系统。也称为十进制或基数-10。

A method of searching a graph data structure that explores as far as possible along an unexplored branch before backtracking and selecting a new branch to explore. Uses a stack to support the process.
一种搜索图数据结构的方法，它沿着未探索的分支尽可能远地探索，然后回溯并选择新的分支进行探索。使用栈来支持该过程。

An algorithm for traversing a tree data structure that starts at the root node and explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking.
一种遍历树数据结构的算法，从根节点开始，沿着每个分支尽可能远地探索，然后回溯。

The operation of removing an item from the front of a queue
从队列前面移除项目的操作。

Software that provides an interface to a peripheral device such as a printer. The driver translates commands from the peripheral device into a form that the operating system and other programs can understand and vice versa.
为外围设备（如打印机）提供接口的软件。驱动程序将来自外围设备的命令转换为操作系统和其他程序可以理解的形式，反之亦然。

Dynamic Host Control Protocol. A protocol used when a new device requests to joins a network. The new device is allocated an IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server addresses.
动态主机配置协议。当新设备请求加入网络时使用的协议。新设备被分配 IP 地址、子网掩码、默认网关和 DNS 服务器地址。

An abstract data type that stores an unordered set of key–value pairs. Values are stored and retrieved by key, not by position.
存储无序键值对集的抽象数据类型。值按键而不是按位置存储和检索。

A lossless method of compression where each different word or group of characters is assigned a code. When the file is compressed, the words or character groups are substituted by the codes.
一种无损压缩方法，其中每个不同的单词或字符组都被分配一个代码。当文件被压缩时，单词或字符组被代码替换。

A device that captures an image in digital form.
以数字形式捕获图像的设备。

A file that contains important information relating to the security of websites, including the public key for encryption.
包含与网站安全相关的重要信息（包括用于加密的公钥）的文件。

A value that is calculated and encrypted that demonstrates that an encrypted document is from the stated sender and has not been tampered with.
经过计算和加密的值，证明加密文档来自指定的发送者且未被篡改。

An algorithm that finds the shortest path between the start node and all other nodes in a given graph.
一种在给定图中查找起始节点与所有其他节点之间最短路径的算法。

A method of addressing where the operand is the address of the data to be used.
操作数为要使用的数据的地址的寻址方法。

A graph where the connections between nodes are not bidirectional.
节点之间的连接不是双向的图。

Material that explains how the system works.
解释系统如何工作的材料。

The set of data that defines all possible inputs of a function.
定义函数所有可能输入的数据集。

A user-friendly name given to a domain that forms part of the internet.
赋予构成互联网一部分的域的用户友好名称。

A server that works to resolve domain names to corresponding IP addresses.
用于将域名解析为相应 IP 地址的服务器。

A hierarchy of servers that work together to resolve domain names to corresponding IP addresses.
协同工作以将域名解析为相应 IP 地址的服务器层次结构。

An operation that combines two vectors to produce a scalar value.
将两个向量组合以产生标量值的运算。

A collection of data that can grow (or shrink) in size at runtime.
可以在运行时大小增长（或缩小）的数据集合。

A filtering method used by a firewall, that makes use of a connection table to keep track of open connections.
防火墙使用的一种过滤方法，利用连接表来跟踪打开的连接。

Electronic waste. Unwanted electronics components destined for refurbishment, reuse, resale, recycling, or disposal.
电子垃圾。用于翻新、再利用、转售、回收或处置的废弃电子元件。

The process of monitoring network traffic to intercept the data being transmitted.
监控网络流量以拦截正在传输的数据的过程。

A connection between two nodes in a graph data structure. Also called arc.
图数据结构中两个节点之间的连接。也称为弧。

A router that connects an organisation's network and forwards IP packets to and from the backbone of the internet.
连接组织网络并向/从互联网骨干网转发 IP 数据包的路由器。

An expression of the computational time and space required to perform an algorithm.
执行算法所需的计算时间和空间的表达式。

A complete computer system that has a dedicated function within a larger system.
在较大系统中具有专用功能的完整计算机系统。

The unique set with no members.
没有成员的唯一集合。

The concept of packaging data together with the methods that operate on that data.
将数据与操作该数据的方法打包在一起的概念。

The process of representing data in binary form.
以二进制形式表示数据的过程。

The process of applying an encryption algorithm to plaintext to produce ciphertext that cannot be understood (without decryption).
将加密算法应用于明文以产生无法理解（无需解密）的密文的过程。

Information that is needed by an encryption algorithm to encrypt (or decrypt) a message.
加密算法加密（或解密）消息所需的信息。

The process of adding an item to a queue.
将项目添加到队列的过程。

Something about which data will be stored, e.g. a customer or booking.
将存储关于其数据的事物，例如客户或预订。

A diagram that shows the degree of relationship between two or more entities.
显示两个或多个实体之间关系程度的图表。

The external system or computer simulation that an AI agent interacts with, providing feedback in response to the agent's actions, enabling it to learn and adapt its behaviour over time.
AI 代理与之交互的外部系统或计算机模拟，提供针对代理行为的反馈，使其能够随着时间的推移学习和调整其行为。

Test data that should be caught by validation and rejected by a system.
应由验证捕获并被系统拒绝的测试数据。

A group of networking technologies commonly used in local area networks.
局域网中常用的一组网络技术。

The process of trying to break into a computer system with the permission of its owner, to determine its vulnerabilities and weak points. Also called penetration testing.
在所有者许可下尝试闯入计算机系统以确定其漏洞和弱点的过程。也称为渗透测试。

A set of principles that includes ideas about whether things are right and wrong, and how people should (or should not) behave.
一套原则，包括关于事情是对还是错的想法，以及人们应该（或不应该）如何行事。

Assessing whether a solution to a problem is effective, including checking for correctness and robustness, and comparing alternatives to find the best fit.
评估问题的解决方案是否有效，包括检查正确性和鲁棒性，并比较替代方案以找到最佳方案。

The process of dealing with unexpected events that might cause a program to terminate abruptly (crash).
处理可能导致程序突然终止（崩溃）的意外事件的过程。

A file that can be executed by the processor without further translation.
无需进一步翻译即可由处理器执行的文件。

Part of a floating point number that determines the position of the binary point.
浮点数的一部分，用于确定二进制点的位置。

The time complexity of an algorithm where the time taken to run it increases by an exponential factor on each single addition to the input data set.
算法的时间复杂度，其中运行所需的时间随着输入数据集的每次增加而按指数因子增加。

Combination of variables, constants, values, or operators that is evaluated to produce a result.
变量、常量、值或运算符的组合，经计算产生结果。

Facts are used to represent, model, and query data sets at the scale of Big Data.
事实用于在大数据规模上表示、建模和查询数据集。

A process that is followed repeatedly by the processor in order to carry out instructions. It has three stages: fetch, decode, execute. It is also called the instruction cycle or fetch-execute cycle.
处理器为了执行指令而重复遵循的过程。它分为三个阶段：取指、解码、执行。也称为指令周期或取指-执行周期。

A cable that can be used to transport electromagnetic waves in the infrared region. These waves are modulated to carry digital data at high speeds over long distances.
可用于传输红外区域电磁波的电缆。这些波经过调制，可以长距离高速传输数字数据。

Part of a record. Each field contains a specific piece of data.
记录的一部分。每个字段包含特定的数据片段。

An operation that is specified within a command to open a file, that determines how a file can be used.
在打开文件的命令中指定的操作，用于确定如何使用文件。

A route to locate a file in a directory structure. File paths can be absolute or relative. An absolute path will start from the top of the directory structure. A relative path will provide a route that starts from the file that contains the path.
在目录结构中定位文件的路径。文件路径可以是绝对路径或相对路径。绝对路径从目录结构的顶部开始。相对路径提供从包含路径的文件开始的路线。

A type of utility software that can scan a damaged file, extract data from it, and store it as a new usable file.
一种实用程序软件，可以扫描损坏的文件，从中提取数据，并将其存储为新的可用文件。

A suffix given to a file name to mark what kind of data is contained in the file, or what type of program created it. Examples include '.docx', '.jpg', and '.pdf'.
赋予文件名的后缀，用于标记文件中包含的数据类型或创建它的程序类型。示例包括 '.docx'、'.jpg' 和 '.pdf'。

A higher-order function that takes a list and some criteria as arguments, and returns a new list. The new list contains only those items that meet the specified criteria.
一种高阶函数，它接受列表和一些条件作为参数，并返回一个新列表。新列表仅包含符合指定条件的项目。

A clue that helps to decrypt a message.
有助于解密消息的线索。

A set with a limited number of elements.
元素数量有限的集合。

A model of a system with a finite number of states. Transition between states depends on the input received when the machine is in a particular state.
具有有限数量状态的系统模型。状态之间的转换取决于机器处于特定状态时接收到的输入。

A system that filters network traffic to protect against unauthorised flows of data in or out of the network.
过滤网络流量以防止数据在网络内外未经授权流动的系统。

An object that can be used as an argument to a function or produced as a return value.
可以用作函数参数或作为返回值生成的对象。

A real number where the binary point is stored in a fixed position.
二进制点存储在固定位置的实数。

A general term for non-volatile memory devices that store binary data in electrical circuits.
非易失性存储设备的通用术语，用于在电路中存储二进制数据。

A database in which all data is held in a single table.
所有数据都保存在单个表中的数据库。

A circuit that can store a single-bit value to act as a simple memory unit.
一种可以存储单个位值以充当简单存储单元的电路。

A data type for a number with a decimal place. Stored as a floating point number.
带有小数位的数字的数据类型。存储为浮点数。

A real number that is stored as a mantissa with a given number of significant digits, and an exponent that determines the position of the binary point.
一种实数，存储为具有给定有效位数的尾数和确定二进制点位置的指数。

A diagram that uses a standard set of symbols to document an algorithm.
使用一组标准符号来记录算法的图表。

A higher-order function that takes three arguments: a combining function (such as add), a start value, and a list. It repeatedly applies the combining function to the start value and elements of the list, reducing the list to a single accumulated value.
一种高阶函数，它接受三个参数：组合函数（如加法）、起始值和列表。它重复将组合函数应用于起始值和列表的元素，将列表归约为单个累积值。

Used to access each element of a collection of data (such as an array or a list) from first to last.
用于从第一个到最后一个访问数据集合（如数组或列表）的每个元素。

A count controlled loop. Used to repeat a specific block of code a known number of times.
计数控制循环。用于重复特定代码块已知次数。

An attribute in one table that is the primary key in another table and is used to link the tables together.
一个表中的属性，它是另一个表的主键，用于将表连接在一起。

The name of the data structure at the link layer. It is used to move a packet between devices on a network.
链路层数据结构的名称。用于在网络上的设备之间移动数据包。

The rate of occurrence within a given time frame.
给定时间范围内的发生率。

The process of examining the distribution of the letters or symbols in a piece of text.
检查文本中字母或符号分布的过程。

A continuous range of radio wave frequencies allocated to a particular service. Frequency bands are often split into channels.
分配给特定服务的连续无线电波频率范围。频段通常分为信道。

A variable that stores the index position of the start of the queue.
存储队列开始索引位置的变量。

File Transfer Protocol. An application layer protocol that handles the exchange of files between FTP clients and FTP servers.
文件传输协议。处理 FTP 客户端和 FTP 服务器之间文件交换的应用层协议。

A circuit, made up of several half adders, that performs the addition of binary numbers
由几个半加器组成的电路，执行二进制数的加法

A set of rules that connects a set of values (the inputs of the function) to another set of values (the outputs of the function). Every member of the inputs set must map to a single element from the outputs set.
将一组值（函数的输入）连接到另一组值（函数的输出）的一组规则。输入集的每个成员必须映射到输出集中的单个元素。

A named block of code that performs a task and returns one or more values.
执行任务并返回一个或多个值的命名代码块。

An operation in which one function is applied to the result of another function.
一种将一个函数应用于另一个函数结果的操作。

The data type of a function's parameter(s) and return value(s).
函数参数和返回值的数据类型。

A declarative programming paradigm, where pure functions are applied to data to transform it into new data. In functional programming data is immutable and programs have no state.
一种声明式编程范式，其中纯函数应用于数据以将其转换为新数据。在函数式编程中，数据是不可变的，程序没有状态。

A device within a network that connects it to another network. If the networks use different protocols, it will handle the conversion from one protocol to the other.
网络内将其连接到另一个网络的设备。如果网络使用不同的协议，它将处理从一种协议到另一种协议的转换。

General Data Protection Regulation. It specifies the rules relating to the collection, storage and distribution of personal data that apply to most UK businesses and organisations.
通用数据保护条例。它规定了适用于大多数英国企业和组织的个人数据收集、存储和分发的规则。

A statement that expresses the solution to a problem in terms of a reference to a smaller version of that same problem.
通过引用同一问题的较小版本来表达问题解决方案的陈述。

A storage location within the processor that is not reserved for a specific use within the computer architecture.
处理器内未保留用于计算机架构中特定用途的存储位置。

The process of removing unnecessary detail so that the problem can be generalised into a similar category of problems.
删除不必要细节以便将问题概括为类似类别问题的过程。

One gibibyte is $1,073,741,824$ bytes ($2^{30}$). The symbol for the gibibyte is GiB. See also gigabyte.
1 吉比字节是 1,073,741,824 字节 (2^30)。吉比字节的符号是 GiB。另请参阅千兆字节。

One gigabyte is one billion bytes ($10^9$). The symbol for the gigabyte is GB. See also gibibyte.
1 千兆字节是 10 亿字节 (10^9)。千兆字节的符号是 GB。另请参阅吉比字节。

A variable that is accessible from all parts of a program.
程序所有部分都可以访问的变量。

Graphics Processing Unit. A specialised board with one or more processing cores and memory that are optimised for graphics processing tasks.
图形处理单元。带有针对图形处理任务优化的一个或多个处理核心和内存的专用板。

A non-linear data structure that comprises a set of connected nodes.
包含一组连接节点的非线性数据结构。

Describes the vertices and edges in a graph and defines how they relate to each other. Often shown in the form of a diagram.
描述图中的顶点和边，并定义它们之间的关系。通常以图表的形式显示。

A printed circuit board with its own dedicated processor and memory, which is used to handle graphics processing tasks.
带有专用处理器和内存的印刷电路板，用于处理图形处理任务。

Graphical User Interface. A type of interface that allows the user to interact with a computer system. It usually involves clicking on icons or selecting options from a menu.
图形用户界面。一种允许用户与计算机系统交互的界面。通常涉及单击图标或从菜单中选择选项。

Gaining unauthorised access to or control of a computer system.
未经授权访问或控制计算机系统。

A circuit that performs the addition of two bits. It takes two bits as input and outputs a sum and carry bit.
执行两位加法的电路。它接受两位作为输入，并输出一个和位及一个进位位。

A problem that is significant to the theory of computation as it proves that some problems are undecidable or cannot be computed.
对计算理论具有重要意义的问题，因为它证明了某些问题是不可判定的或无法计算的。

A form of secondary storage, in which magnetic dots stored on platters (or disks) are used to store binary data.
一种辅助存储形式，其中存储在盘片（或磁盘）上的磁点用于存储二进制数据。

The physical components of a computer system.
计算机系统的物理组件。

A computer architecture that provides separate memories for data and instructions.
为数据和指令提供单独存储器的计算机架构。

An abstract data type that is used to optimise searching. Values are stored at locations of which the positions can be calculated by applying an algorithm to the key (of that data).
用于优化搜索的抽象数据类型。值存储在可以通过对（该数据的）键应用算法来计算位置的地方。

An algorithm that generates a hash value from a key.
从键生成哈希值的算法。

A function that returns the first item of a list of items as a scalar value.
将项目列表的第一项作为标量值返回的函数。

Text that is usually larger or of a different style, to denote a section within a page.
通常较大或具有不同样式的文本，用于表示页面内的部分。

A pool of memory that is allocated to service dynamic data structures
分配用于服务动态数据结构的内存池

An approach to solving a problem that will provide an approximate or "good enough" solution to an intractable problem.
一种解决问题的方法，为棘手问题提供近似或“足够好”的解决方案。

A number system that uses 16 distinct symbols (the numbers 0-9 and the letters A-F) to represent a number. Also called hex or base-16.
使用 16 个不同符号（数字 0-9 和字母 A-F）来表示数字的数字系统。也称为 hex 或 16 进制。

A diagram that shows the design of a system from a top-down perspective.
从自上而下的角度显示系统设计的图表。

Programming languages that allow the programmer to specify the logical steps to solve a problem without having to worry about the low-level machine operations needed to perform the computation.
允许程序员指定解决问题的逻辑步骤而无需担心执行计算所需的低级机器操作的编程语言。

Hypertext Markup Language. Used to specify the elements of a web page to allow them to be presented in a certain way.
超文本标记语言。用于指定网页的元素，以允许它们以特定方式呈现。

A component of an HTML page that is enclosed within a start tag and an end tag. For example, <h1>My first book</h1>.
包含在开始标签和结束标签内的 HTML 页面组件。例如，<h1>My first book</h1>。

Hypertext Transfer Protocol. An application layer protocol that enables data exchange between web clients and web servers.
超文本传输协议。实现 Web 客户端和 Web 服务器之间数据交换的应用层协议。

Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol. A set of application layer protocols that securely handles the exchange of data between web clients and web servers by encrypting the data.
安全超文本传输协议。一组应用层协议，通过加密数据来安全地处理 Web 客户端和 Web 服务器之间的数据交换。

A network device that is used to connect devices on a local area network. It is used to simplify cabling systems and acts as a repeater. When data arrives at a port, it is broadcast to the devices connected to every other port.
用于连接局域网上设备的网络设备。它用于简化布线系统并充当中继器。当数据到达端口时，它会广播到连接到所有其他端口的设备。

A lossless compression technique often used to compress data (such as text) in which there are frequently occurring patterns.
一种无损压缩技术，通常用于压缩其中存在频繁出现模式的数据（例如文本）。

Input/Output controller. Manages the flow of data between the processor and the input and output devices.
输入/输出控制器。管理处理器与输入和输出设备之间的数据流。

An identifier that is applied to a single HTML element to style it in a way that is specified by a corresponding CSS rule-set.
应用于单个 HTML 元素的标识符，以按照相应 CSS 规则集指定的方式对其进行样式设置。

Integrated development environment. An application that facilitates the writing and running of programs. It also provides support with debugging and diagnostics.
集成开发环境。促进程序编写和运行的应用程序。它还提供调试和诊断支持。

The name that a programmer gives to a variable, constant, or subroutine.
程序员给变量、常量或子程序起的名称。

A file containing a digital image.
包含数字图像的文件。

The number of pixels in the same sized area of an image, usually expressed as pixels per inch (ppi) or dots per inch (dpi).
图像相同大小区域中的像素数，通常表示为每英寸像素 (ppi) 或每英寸点数 (dpi)。

The number of pixels that make up a digital image, usually expressed as width x height for example 1920 x 1080.
构成数字图像的像素数，通常表示为宽度 x 高度，例如 1920 x 1080。

Internet Message Access Protocol. A protocol used to retrieve email from a server allowing multiple email clients to be synchronised with the same mailbox.
互联网消息访问协议。用于从服务器检索电子邮件的协议，允许将多个电子邮件客户端与同一邮箱同步。

A method of addressing, where the operand is the actual data to be used.
一种寻址方法，其中操作数是要使用的实际数据。

Not able to be changed.
不能改变。

A data structure in which stored values cannot be changed (eg added, removed, or replaced) during program execution.
一种数据结构，其中存储的值在程序执行期间无法更改（例如添加、删除或替换）。

A programming language where the programmer defines a set of statements that must be followed (in the given order) to solve a problem.
一种编程语言，程序员定义一组必须（按给定顺序）遵循的语句来解决问题。

A method of traversing a tree so that a node is processed after its left subtree has been examined and before its right subtree has been examined.
一种遍历树的方法，使得节点在其左子树被检查之后、右子树被检查之前被处理。

To increase the value of a variable. For example, count = count + 1
增加变量的值。例如，count = count + 1

A set of instructions that is repeated until a condition is met. Typically it is implemented by using condition-controlled loops, such as a while loop.
一组重复执行直到满足条件的指令。通常通过使用条件控制循环来实现，例如 while 循环。

A number that describes the position of an item within an array. Most computer systems start indexing at 0.
描述项目在数组中位置的数字。大多数计算机系统从 0 开始索引。

A set with an unlimited number of elements.
元素数量无限的集合。

Expressions that are written with the operators positioned between the operands.
运算符位于操作数之间书写的表达式。

A technique that removes all unnecessary detail from a problem to expose its essential characteristics, in order to derive a solution.
一种为了得出解决方案而从问题中去除所有不必要细节以暴露其基本特征的技术。

A feature of OOP that allows you to base one class on another. The new subclass (or child class) inherits all the attributes and methods of the superclass (or parent class).
OOP 的一项特性，允许您基于一个类创建另一个类。新的子类（或派生类）继承超类（或父类）的所有属性和方法。

Setting the initial value for a variable.
设置变量的初始值。

A CSS rule-set that is written directly within the tag of an HTML element.
直接写在 HTML 元素标签内的 CSS 规则集。

Peripheral devices such as keyboards and microphones that allow data to be entered into a computer system.
允许将数据输入计算机系统的外围设备，如键盘和麦克风。

A sorting algorithm that progressively evaluates items in a list and inserts them into the correct place in an ordered sublist.
一种排序算法，逐步评估列表中的项目并将它们插入到有序子列表中的正确位置。

A feature of OOP where a new object is created from a class definition and assigned to a reference variable.
OOP 的一项特性，即从类定义创建新对象并将其分配给引用变量。

The list of low level operations that can be executed by a processor (or processors that share the same architecture).
处理器（或共享相同架构的处理器）可以执行的低级操作列表。

A whole number, such as 5. It can be positive or negative.
整数，例如 5。它可以是正数或负数。

A division where the quotient (result) is an integer and any remainders are discarded. Integer division is sometimes also called floor division.
商（结果）为整数且丢弃任何余数的除法。整数除法有时也称为地板除法。

The infinite set of all whole numbers (positive or negative) including zero.
所有整数（正数或负数，包括零）的无限集合。

A graphics processor that is built into the main CPU and shares its memory. Also known as onboard graphics.
内置于主 CPU 并共享其内存的图形处理器。也称为板载显卡。

The reliability of data in terms of its accuracy, completeness and consitency.
数据在准确性、完整性和一致性方面的可靠性。

A shared boundary across which two or more components of a computer system exchange information.
计算机系统的两个或多个组件交换信息的共享边界。

A global system of interconnected computer networks.
互连计算机网络的全球系统。

A commercial organisation that will register a domain on your behalf.
代表您注册域名的商业组织。

An organisation that allocates domains and maintains the official register of domain owners for one or more top-level domains.
分配域名并维护一个或多个顶级域名的域名所有者官方登记册的组织。

An organisation that provides a connection to the internet.
提供互联网连接的组织。

A program that translates and executes the instructions of a program written in a high-level language, one line at a time.
一种逐行翻译和执行用高级语言编写的程序指令的程序。

A signal sent to the processor requesting immediate attention.
发送给处理器请求立即注意的信号。

A program that handles a processor interrupt
处理处理器中断的程序

A set operation between two or more sets that results in a new set containing only the elements that are common to all of the original sets.
两个或多个集合之间的集合运算，结果是一个新集合，仅包含所有原始集合共有的元素。

A problem that cannot be solved by a computer system in a reasonable amount of time.
计算机系统无法在合理时间内解决的问题。

Internet Protocol. An internet (network) layer protocol that ensures that packets can be transferred between the source and destination using the IP addresses in the packet header.
互联网协议。一种互联网（网络）层协议，确保可以使用数据包头中的 IP 地址在源和目的地之间传输数据包。

Internet Protocol address. A binary number assigned to a node in an internet network that is made up of a network ID and a host ID.
互联网协议地址。分配给互联网网络中节点的二进制数，由网络 ID 和主机 ID 组成。

The infinite set of numbers that cannot be expressed as fractions (or ratios).
无法表示为分数（或比率）的数字的无限集合。

The process of repeating a sequence of instructions a number of times within a program loop. This can be a fixed number of repetitions (count-controlled loop) or the number of repetitions can be controlled by a condition (condition-controlled loop).
在程序循环中多次重复一系列指令的过程。这可以是固定的重复次数（计数控制循环），也可以由条件控制重复次数（条件控制循环）。

A high-level programming language that can be executed by most web browsers. JavaScript can be used to change the appearance and behaviour of a webpage.
一种可以由大多数 Web 浏览器执行的高级编程语言。JavaScript 可用于更改网页的外观和行为。

JavaScript Object Notation. An open file format that uses human-readable text for data transmission.
JavaScript 对象表示法。一种使用人类可读文本进行数据传输的开放文件格式。

A way of arranging the truth table for a Boolean expression to facilitate simplification.
一种排列布尔表达式真值表以促进简化的方法。

One kibibyte is $1,024$ bytes ($2^{10}$). The symbol for the kibibyte is KiB. See also kilobyte.
一 KiB 是 $1,024$ 字节 ($2^{10}$)。KiB 的符号是 KiB。另请参阅千字节。

One kilobyte is $1,000$ bytes ($10^3$). The symbol for the kilobyte is kB. See also kibibyte.
一千字节是 $1,000$ 字节 ($10^3$)。千字节的符号是 kB。另请参阅 KiB。

An AI model trained using sophisticated machine learning techniques, on vast amounts of data, to learn complex patterns in language structures. This allows them to generate new text.
一种使用复杂的机器学习技术在大量数据上训练的 AI 模型，用于学习语言结构中的复杂模式。这使它们能够生成新文本。

The time delay between a signal being sent and a signal being received.
信号发送和信号接收之间的时间延迟。

An abstraction of a part of the communication system used by computers to exchange data with each other. The OSI model has seven layers.
计算机用于相互交换数据的通信系统的一部分的抽象。OSI 模型有七层。

The rightmost bit in a binary number. The position with the lowest place value.
二进制数中最右边的位。具有最低位值的位置。

The laws that apply within a country. Computing legislation is a set of laws that regulate the use of computers and related areas.
适用于一个国家的法律。计算立法是一套规范计算机使用及相关领域的法律。

Shared repositories of code that can be used by other programs
可供其他程序使用的共享代码库

An algorithm that searches for an item in a list of items by systematically examining each item, one after another.
一种通过逐个系统地检查每个项目来在项目列表中搜索项目的算法。

The time complexity of an algorithm where the time taken to run it rises in direct proportion to the size of the input data set.
算法的时间复杂度，其中运行所需的时间与输入数据集的大小成正比增加。

A list where each item contains the data and a pointer to the next item.
一种列表，其中每个项目包含数据和指向下一个项目的指针。

An abstract data type that defines a linear collection of related items.
定义相关项目的线性集合的抽象数据类型。

A series of items, which may be numbered or marked with bullet points.
一系列项目，可以编号或用圆点标记。

A single network covering a single site, usually covering a small geographical area.
覆盖单个站点的单个网络，通常覆盖较小的地理区域。

A variable that is only defined and visible for use in specific parts of a program, e.g within a subroutine.
仅在程序的特定部分（例如子程序内）定义和可见使用的变量。

The time complexity of an algorithm where the time taken to run it is proportional to the logarithm of the size of input data set.
算法的时间复杂度，其中运行时间与输入数据集大小的对数成正比。

Designed to perform a specific function(s) taking given inputs and producing resulting outputs.
设计用于执行特定功能，接受给定输入并产生结果输出。

A diagram that illustrates the arrangement of logic gates in a circuit.
说明电路中逻辑门排列的图表。

An error in source code that results in a program behaving unexpectedly.
源代码中的错误，导致程序行为异常。

An electronics component that carries out a logical operation on one or more inputs to produce a single output.
对一个或多个输入执行逻辑运算以产生单个输出的电子元件。

A puzzle that can be solved by logical thinking.
可以通过逻辑思维解决的谜题。

Applies a logical operation to each bit of a binary string or to pairs of bits in two equal length binary strings.
对二进制字符串的每一位或两个等长二进制字符串的位对应用逻辑运算。

An expression composed of relational operators, logical operators, or both, that evaluates to either True or False.
由关系运算符、逻辑运算符或两者组成的表达式，其计算结果为 True 或 False。

Operators (such as AND, OR, and NOT) that are used to form logical expressions. Also called Boolean operators.
用于形成逻辑表达式的运算符（例如 AND、OR 和 NOT）。也称为布尔运算符。

Applying rules, relationships, and cause-and-effect thinking to form conclusions or plans, often using true/false conditions combined with AND, OR, and NOT.
应用规则、关系和因果思维来形成结论或计划，通常使用结合了 AND、OR 和 NOT 的真/假条件。

A sequence of instructions that is repeated. This can be a fixed number of repetitions (count-controlled loop) or the number of repetitions can be controlled by a condition (condition-controlled loop).
重复的指令序列。这可以是固定次数的重复（计数控制循环），或者重复次数可以由条件控制（条件控制循环）。

A method of compression where no data is permanently lost during the process.
一种在过程中不会永久丢失数据的压缩方法。

A method where data is permanently lost during the compression process and must be approximated when the file is decompressed.
一种在压缩过程中永久丢失数据的方法，解压缩文件时必须进行近似处理。

Programming languages that require the programmer to specify the steps to solve a problem in terms that are aligned to the operations of a specific machine.
要求程序员以与特定机器的操作相一致的术语指定解决问题的步骤的编程语言。

Media Access Control address. An address given to a network interface controller. Used to uniquely identify devices on a local area network.
媒体访问控制地址。赋予网络接口控制器的地址。用于唯一标识局域网上的设备。

Program instructions that require no further translation.
无需进一步翻译的程序指令。

An approach used to design and build artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Machine learning models are trained on vast quantities of data to detect patterns in the data. The model can then be used to make predictions about new data in the same context.
一种用于设计和构建人工智能 (AI) 系统的方法。机器学习模型在大量数据上进行训练以检测数据中的模式。然后可以使用该模型对同一上下文中的新数据进行预测。

A technique to store data using polarised magnetic dots. The polarity of the dot is used to represent a 1 or a 0.
使用极化磁点存储数据的技术。点的极性用于表示 1 或 0。

A URL scheme for email addresses. It is used to create a hyperlink that opens the user's default email client with a new email pre-populated with a recipient email address, e.g. mailto:someone@example.com.
电子邮件地址的 URL 方案。它用于创建一个超链接，打开用户的默认电子邮件客户端，并预先填入收件人电子邮件地址的新电子邮件，例如 mailto:someone@example.com。

A unit with addressable memory locations that can be accessed directly by the processor. Stores data and instructions while they are being processed.
具有可由处理器直接访问的可寻址存储器位置的单元。存储正在处理的数据和指令。

A method of error detection where each bit is sent multiple times and the majority value is used by the receiving device.
一种错误检测方法，其中每个位发送多次，接收设备使用多数值。

Malicious software. A program designed to cause damage to computer systems, corrupt or change files, steal data, or cause disruption to services.
恶意软件。旨在对计算机系统造成损害、破坏或更改文件、窃取数据或导致服务中断的程序。

Part of a floating point number that contains the significant digits.
浮点数中包含有效数字的部分。

A higher-order function where a given function is applied to every element in a given list, resulting in a new list.
一种高阶函数，其中给定函数应用于给定列表中的每个元素，从而产生新列表。

A binary string used to manipulate or check bits at specific positions within another binary string of equal length.
用于操作或检查另一等长二进制字符串内特定位置位的二进制字符串。

A type of finite state machine that produces outputs
一种产生输出的有限状态机

One mebibyte is $1,048,576$ bytes ($2^{20}$). The symbol for the mebibyte is MiB. See also megabyte.
一 MiB 是 $1,048,576$ 字节 ($2^{20}$)。MiB 的符号是 MiB。另请参阅兆字节。

One megabyte is $1,000,000$ bytes ($10^6$). The symbol for the megabyte is MB. See also mebibyte.
一兆字节是 $1,000,000$ 字节 ($10^6$)。兆字节的符号是 MB。另请参阅 MiB。

One million pixels. The quality of images taken by digital cameras are often measured in megapixels.
一百万像素。数码相机拍摄的图像质量通常以百万像素为单位。

Storage within a computer system.
计算机系统内的存储。

The register that holds the address of a memory location that the processor will read data from or write data to.
保存处理器将从中读取数据或向其写入数据的存储器位置地址的寄存器。

The register that holds the data that is being transferred to or from main memory. Also called the memory data register (MDR).
保存正在往返于主存储器传输的数据的寄存器。也称为存储器数据寄存器 (MDR)。

The register that holds the data that is being transferred to or from main memory. Also called the memory buffer register (MBR).
保存正在往返于主存储器传输的数据的寄存器。也称为存储器缓冲寄存器 (MBR)。

A problem that occurs when a computer program does not manage memory correctly. It can result in a computer system running out of usable memory.
当计算机程序无法正确管理内存时出现的问题。这可能导致计算机系统耗尽可用内存。

A sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly splitting data into sublists and merging pairs of sublists, ordering the items as they are merged.
一种通过重复将数据拆分为子列表并合并成对的子列表，在合并时对项目进行排序的排序算法。

Data in an HTML header that provides instructions to crawlers to help a page be indexed correctly or displayed correctly in a browser.
HTML 头部中的数据，为爬虫提供指令以帮助页面被正确索引或在浏览器中正确显示。

Data that provides information about other data.
提供关于其他数据信息的数据。

In OOP, a function or procedure that is defined as part of a class definition.
在 OOP 中，定义为类定义一部分的函数或过程。

Musical Instrument Digital Interface. A technical standard that includes hardware specifications and a protocol to allow electronic musical instruments and computer systems to communicate, and produce and manipulate music.
乐器数字接口。一种技术标准，包括硬件规范和协议，允许电子乐器和计算机系统进行通信，并制作和处理音乐。

The index (position) of the item that is directly in the middle of a list, or to the left of the middle if the list contains an even number of items.
列表中直接位于中间的项目索引（位置），如果列表包含偶数个项目，则为中间左侧的索引。

A meaningful code (such as LOAD) that is used to represent an opcode in an assembly language program.
用于在汇编语言程序中表示操作码的有意义的代码（例如 LOAD）。

A systematic representation of an aspect of the real world.
现实世界某一方面的系统表示。

A device used to convert digital data into signals that can be transmitted across a telecommunication system such as such as telephone lines or radio.
一种用于将数字数据转换为可以通过电信系统（如电话线或无线电）传输的信号的设备。

An operation that returns the remainder of a division. The modulo operator is often represented by the abbreviation MOD or a percent sign (%).
返回除法余数的运算。模运算符通常用缩写 MOD 或百分号 (%) 表示。

The leftmost bit in a binary number. The position with the highest place value.
二进制数中最左边的位。具有最高位值的位置。

A CPU with more than one processing core, for example, a dual core or quad core.
具有多个处理核心的 CPU，例如双核或四核。

Able to be changed.
能够被改变。

A Boolean operation that outputs True if either or both of the input values are False. It is the logical inverse of AND.
如果两个输入值中的一个或两个都为假，则输出为真的布尔运算。它是与 (AND) 的逻辑反。

The infinite set of positive integers, which includes zero.
正整数的无限集合，包括零。

A block of code where a loop is contained within another loop. The statements inside the inner loop are executed in their entirety for every iteration of the outer loop.
包含在另一个循环中的循环代码块。对于外部循环的每次迭代，内部循环中的语句都会完整执行。

A group of devices connected together, wirelessly or using cables, so that they can communicate with each other and share resources.
通过无线或电缆连接在一起的一组设备，以便它们可以相互通信并共享资源。

Hardware often supplied by an internet service provider that combines a wireless access point, an Ethernet switch, a modem, and a router.
通常由互联网服务提供商提供的硬件，结合了无线接入点、以太网交换机、调制解调器和路由器。

A band of frequencies that is allocated for devices on the same wireless network to communicate on.
分配给同一无线网络上的设备进行通信的频段。

The process of monitoring and analysing network traffic to detect and help identify intruders as well as systems and data that may have been accessed.
监控和分析网络流量以检测和帮助识别入侵者以及可能已被访问的系统和数据的过程。

A component that allows a device to connect to a network.
允许设备连接到网络的组件。

A collection of measures and tools adopted to control network traffic and prevent unauthorised access or use of data.
为控制网络流量并防止未经授权访问 or 使用数据而采用的一系列措施和工具。

A machine learning engine consisting of interconnected nodes, organised in layers, that is trained to learn patterns in data through iterative optimisation algorithms.
由相互连接的节点组成的机器学习引擎，按层组织，通过迭代优化算法训练以学习数据中的模式。

A control (non-printing) character that denotes the end of a line of text and the start of a new line. An escape sequence such as is often used in programming languages to signify a new line.
表示文本行结束和新行开始的控制（非打印）字符。编程语言中通常使用转义序列（如 ）来表示换行。

A fundamental unit of data within a graph data structure. Also called vertex.
图数据结构中的基本数据单位。也称为顶点。

A device in a network that is either an endpoint (such as a computer) or a piece of communications equipment (such as a router) that is connected to one or more other nodes.
网络中的设备，它是端点（如计算机）或连接到一个或多个其他节点的通信设备（如路由器）。

Memory that retains data when the device is switched off or power is lost.
设备关闭或断电时仍能保留数据的存储器。

A Boolean operation that outputs True if both of the input values are False. It is the logical inverse of OR.
如果两个输入值都为假，则输出为真的布尔运算。它是或 (OR) 的逻辑反。

The process of defining efficient tables in a database by ensuring that data is dependent on the key, the whole key and nothing but the key.
通过确保数据依赖于键、整个键且仅依赖于键来定义数据库中有效表的过程。

The process of optimising the representation of a floating point number so that each number has a unique representation.
优化浮点数表示的过程，使每个数字都有唯一的表示。

A Boolean operation that outputs True if the input value is False and vice versa
如果输入值为假则输出为真，反之亦然的布尔运算。

Used to indicate the absence of a value, for example the next node pointer at the end of a linked list.
用于指示缺少值，例如链表末尾的下一个节点指针。

The number of unique digits used to represent numbers.
用于表示数字的唯一数字的数量。

In OOP, an instance of a class with specific data.
在 OOP 中，具有特定数据的类的实例。

Program code that has been translated and needs to be linked to become executable.
已经翻译并需要链接才能成为可执行程序的程序代码。

An approach to software development that focuses on the concept of using objects that interact to make up a system.
一种软件开发方法，侧重于使用相互交互的对象来组成系统的概念。

A graphics processor that is built into the main CPU and shares its memory. Also known as integrated graphics.
内置于主 CPU 并共享其内存的图形处理器。也称为集成显卡。

An encryption key that is used just once to encrypt and decrypt a message, and is then completely destroyed.
仅使用一次来加密和解密消息，然后完全销毁的加密密钥。

Part of a machine code instruction that defines the fundamental machine operation to be used.
定义要使用的基本机器操作的机器代码指令的一部分。

Software for which the program source code is made available to the general public.
程序源代码向公众开放的软件。

Part of a machine code instruction that defines the data or location of the data to be used.
定义要使用的数据或数据位置的机器代码指令的一部分。

System software that manages hardware, software, and resources, and provides services for other software. It will also usually provide an interface for the end user.
管理硬件、软件和资源并为其他软件提供服务的系统软件。通常还为最终用户提供接口。

A storage technique that uses discs. Data is stored as marks on the reflective surface of the disc. Examples include CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray.
使用光盘的存储技术。数据存储为光盘反射表面上的标记。示例包括 CD、DVD 和蓝光。

A Boolean operation that outputs True if either or both input values are True
如果一个或两个输入值为真，则输出为真的布尔运算。

Information produced by a computer system as a result of processing data.
计算机系统作为处理数据结果而产生的信息。

A peripheral device such as a printer, display unit or speaker that translates signals from the computer into a human-readable form.
诸如打印机、显示单元或扬声器之类的外围设备，将来自计算机的信号转换为人类可读的形式。

Occurs when the result of a calculation is a number that is too large to be represented in the number of bits available.
当计算结果是一个太大而无法用可用位数表示的数字时发生。

In OOP, allowing an inherited method to be replaced by a more appropriate version (using the same identifier) in the child class.
在 OOP 中，允许子类中更合适的版本（使用相同的标识符）替换继承的方法。

The name of the data structure at the internet layer. It is used to move the transport layer data from the source to the destination across a network.
互联网层的数据结构名称。它用于将传输层数据从源移动到网络上的目的地。

The initial fields at the start of a packet that specify a series of parameters used to ensure the correct routing and processing of the packet.
数据包开头的初始字段，指定用于确保数据包正确路由和处理的一系列参数。

A method of transmitting data across the internet using small packets of data that can take any route and are reassembled by the receiving computer.
一种通过互联网传输数据的方法，使用小数据包，这些数据包可以采用任何路由，并由接收计算机重新组装。

An algorithm that estimates a website's importance by counting the number and quality of incoming links to its pages.
一种通过计算指向其页面的传入链接的数量和质量来估计网站重要性的算法。

A method of communication where many bits are sent at the same time on a set of wires or tracks on a printed circuit.
一种通信方法，其中许多位同时在印刷电路的一组导线或轨道上传送。

The simultaneous use of several processors to perform a single processing task.
同时使用多个处理器来执行单个处理任务。

Part of the definition of a subroutine that specifies the data value(s) or reference(s) to be passed to the subroutine when it is called. When calling a subroutine, the values of the parameters are passed into the subroutine as arguments.
子程序定义的一部分，指定调用子程序时要传递给它的数据值或引用。调用子程序时，参数的值作为参数传递给子程序。

A bit that is calculated from a set of data bits and used for error detection.
根据一组数据位计算得出并用于错误检测的位。

A function that has been called with only some of the required arguments, allowing it to be reused or used as a building block for other functions.
仅使用部分必需参数调用的函数，允许重用或用作其他函数的构建块。

A complete traversal of a list.
对列表的一次完整遍历。

In many programming languages, parameters of subroutines can be specified either by value or by reference. When passing by reference is used, the memory address of an argument is passed into the subroutine. This means that the subroutine can change the actual value of the argument.
在许多编程语言中，子程序的参数可以通过值或引用指定。使用引用传递时，参数的内存地址被传递给子程序。这意味着子程序可以更改参数的实际值。

In many programming languages, parameters of subroutines can be specified either by value or by reference. When passing by value is used, a copy of the argument's value is passed into the subroutine. This means that the subroutine can't change the original value of the argument.
在许多编程语言中，子程序的参数可以通过值或引用指定。使用值传递时，参数值的副本被传递给子程序。这意味着子程序无法更改参数的原始值。

An update to software to fix an issue, such as a security vulnerability or bug.
对软件的更新，以修复安全漏洞或错误等问题。

A problem solving technique that recognises patterns or similarities in data, or identifying parts of the problem that have known algorithmic solutions.
一种解决问题的技术，用于识别数据中的模式或相似性，或识别具有已知算法解决方案的问题部分。

The process of looking at, but not removing, the item at the top of a stack.
查看但不移除堆栈顶部项目的过程。

A network architecture where all devices have equal status and can share resources directly with each other.
一种网络架构，其中所有设备具有同等地位，并可以直接相互共享资源。

A method of testing used to discover weaknesses or vulnerabilities in a system that could be exploited by hackers.
一种用于发现系统中可能被黑客利用的弱点或漏洞的测试方法。

The process of evaluating if a system or a program performs as expected (or not) before being released.
在发布之前评估系统或程序是否按预期执行的过程。

Additional hardware devices that are external to the core components of a computer system. These devices can be used for input, output, or data storage.
计算机系统核心组件外部的附加硬件设备。这些设备可用于输入、输出或数据存储。

A network of personal devices that allows data to be exchanged within their immediate vicinity.
允许在个人设备直接附近交换数据的个人设备网络。

Deceiving users by sending them to a fake website that the user believes is the real one, with the intention of tricking them into submitting personal information.
通过将用户发送到用户认为是真实的虚假网站来欺骗用户，目的是诱使他们提交个人信息。

An attack in which the victim receives a message disguised to look like it has come from a reputable source (for example, a bank), in order to trick them into giving up personal information.
受害者收到伪装成来自信誉良好来源（例如银行）的消息的攻击，以诱骗他们放弃个人信息。

A way of organising subtasks so that they can be processed concurrently, in such a way that one subtask feeds into the next one.
一种组织子任务的方式，以便它们可以并发处理，使得一个子任务馈入下一个子任务。

The smallest addressable part of a bitmap image that corresponds to a single colour.
位图图像中对应于单一颜色的最小可寻址部分。

The value of a digit that appears within a number. For example, the place value of 1 in the base-10 number 1,098 is 1 thousand.
数字中出现的数字的值。例如，在 10 进制数 1,098 中，1 的位值是 1 千。

In encrypted communication systems, the plaintext is the original unencrypted message.
在加密通信系统中，明文是原始未加密的消息。

A reference to a location in memory, usually in the form of a memory address.
对内存位置的引用，通常以内存地址的形式。

An encryption method in which different alphabetic substitutions are used for the same letter.
一种加密方法，其中对同一个字母使用不同的字母替换。

In OOP, the concept that different objects can respond to the same method call in different ways, based on their class.
在 OOP 中，不同对象可以根据其类以不同方式响应相同方法调用的概念。

The process of removing an item from the top of a stack.
从栈顶移除项目的过程。

Post Office Protocol v3. An application layer protocol for requesting and receiving emails from an email server
邮局协议 v3。一种用于从电子邮件服务器请求和接收电子邮件的应用层协议。

A number that identifies a specific network process running on a device.
标识设备上运行的特定网络进程的数字。

A process through which a router uses port numbers to determine the destination of packets on a network.
路由器使用端口号确定网络上数据包目的地的过程。

A method of traversing a tree so that a node is processed after both its left and right subtrees have been examined.
一种遍历树的方法，使得节点在检查完其左子树和右子树之后被处理。

A notation where expressions are written with the operators after the operands.
一种表达式写在操作数之后带有运算符的表示法。

A method of traversing a tree so that a node is processed before either its left or right subtrees are examined.
一种遍历树的方法，使得节点在检查其左子树或右子树之前被处理。

A measure of how accurate a number is when stored using a finite amount of significant digits.
使用有限数量的有效数字存储时数字准确程度的度量。

The output that a program should produce for a given input.
程序对应给定输入应产生的输出。

Information from large data sets that is used to predict the likelihood of an action or event happening in the future.
来自大型数据集的信息，用于预测未来发生动作或事件的可能性。

A notation where expressions are written with the operators before the operands.
一种表达式写在操作数之前带有运算符的表示法。

Used to add a new single item to the front of a list.
用于将新的单个项目添加到列表的前面。

A field that uniquely identifies a record in a database table.
唯一标识数据库表中记录的字段。

A board that makes connections between electronic components. It uses conductive tracks to allow the transfer of data between components.
在电子元件之间建立连接的板。它使用导电轨道允许元件之间的数据传输。

A queue in which each item has a priority associated with it that affects the position in which the item is added to the queue.
一种队列，其中每个项目都有一个与之关联的优先级，该优先级会影响该项目添加到队列中的位置。

An encryption key that is kept secret and is used in conjunction with a corresponding public key for public/private key cryptography
保密且与相应的公钥结合用于公钥/私钥加密的加密密钥

The process of removing unnecessary detail so that the problem can be reduced to one that has already been solved.
去除不必要的细节，以便将问题简化为已经解决的问题的过程。

A named section of code that can be called (executed) to perform a specific task by using the identifier (name of the procedure) in a program statement. In computer science theory, a procedure does not return a value.
代码的命名部分，可以通过在程序语句中使用标识符（过程名称）来调用（执行）以执行特定任务。在计算机科学理论中，过程不返回值。

A program, or part of a program, that is running on a computer system and using resources.
正在计算机系统上运行并使用资源的程序或程序的一部分。

The part of a computer system that carries out the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
计算机系统中执行取指-解码-执行周期的部分。

An electronic unit connected to the processor that synchronises when the fetch-decode-execute cycle runs.
连接到处理器的电子单元，用于同步取指-解码-执行周期的运行。

A set of baseline measurements that are used to compare processor performance
用于比较处理器性能的一组基准测量值

Code written in a specific programming language.
用特定编程语言编写的代码。

A register that stores the address of the next instruction to be fetched and executed.
存储要获取和执行的下一条指令地址的寄存器。

Unexpected and abrupt program termination.
意外且突然的程序终止。

A single command given to a computer’s processor to perform a specific operation.
给计算机处理器执行特定操作的单个命令。

The process of converting code written by a programmer into a form that can be executed by a processor.
将程序员编写的代码转换为处理器可执行形式的过程。

An overall approach (guidelines and principles) to the way in which program code is written.
编写程序代码的总体方法（指南和原则）。

A set that is made up of some, but not all, values from another set.
由另一集合中的部分（但非全部）值组成的集合。

An attribute of an HTML element that can be styled, e.g. the background colour or the font colour.
可以设置样式的 HTML 元素的属性，例如背景颜色或字体颜色。

Software with a licence that places restrictions on the user regarding their right to run, study, distribute, or modify the code.
许可协议限制用户运行、研究、分发或修改代码权利的软件。

A set of rules that enable two processes to communicate.
使两个进程能够通信的一组规则。

A syntax for expressing an algorithm, independent of a specific programming language.
一种独立于特定编程语言的表达算法的语法。

An encryption key that is made widely available and is used in conjunction with a corresponding private key for public/private key cryptography.
广泛可用并与相应的私钥结合用于公钥/私钥加密的加密密钥。

An asymmetric encryption method that uses a pair of keys, one public and one private.
一种使用一对密钥（一个公钥和一个私钥）的非对称加密方法。

The process of adding an item to the top of a stack.
将项目添加到栈顶的过程。

Quick Response code. A means of representing data in machine-readable form. QR codes traditionally appear as a matrix of black and white squares.
快速响应码。一种以机器可读形式表示数据的方法。二维码传统上显示为黑白方块矩阵。

An abstract data type that defines a list of items one after another with a front and a rear. A queue is a FIFO (first in, first out) structure.
一种抽象数据类型，定义了前后相继的项目列表。队列是 FIFO（先进先出）结构。

An algorithm that sorts a list by repeatedly selecting a pivot value around which the list is systematically rearranged until the whole list is sorted.
一种通过重复选择基准值并围绕该基准值系统地重新排列列表直到整个列表排序完成的算法。

Random-Access Memory. Memory in which the locations can be accessed directly in any order
随机存取存储器。可以按任何顺序直接访问位置的存储器

A form of malware that prevents a user from accessing their files by encrypting them, and demands the victim pay a ransom in order to release them.
一种恶意软件，通过加密文件阻止用户访问其文件，并要求受害者支付赎金以释放它们。

The infinite set of all numbers that can be expressed as fractions (or ratios).
可以表示为分数（或比率）的所有数字的无限集合。

A file handling mode that allows a program to read data from a file.
允许程序从文件中读取数据的文件处理模式。

Any positive or negative number with or without a fractional part.
任何带有或不带有小数部分的正数或负数。

A variable that stores the index position of the last item in a queue.
存储队列中最后一个项目的索引位置的变量。

A data structure that can be used to store multiple pieces of data that relate to the same thing. Each piece of data can have a different data type.
可用于存储与同一事物相关的多条数据的数据结构。每条数据可以具有不同的数据类型。

A problem that is defined in terms of itself.
用自身定义的问题。

A subroutine that calls itself.
调用自身的子程序。

A function that reduces a list to a single value by repeatedly applying a folding function.
通过重复应用折叠函数将列表归约为单个值的函数。

A variable name assigned to an object that points to its location in memory.
分配给指向其内存位置的对象的变量名称。

Requires that if a value of one attribute references a value of another attribute, then the referenced value must exist.
要求如果一个属性的值引用另一个属性的值，则被引用的值必须存在。

Storage location within the processor.
处理器内的存储位置。

Formal notation that defines a valid string for a regular language.
定义正则语言有效字符串的形式符号。

A regular language is a language that can be expressed using a regular expression or recognised by a finite state machine. A language is a set of strings made up of characters from a specified alphabet or set of symbols.
正则语言是可以使用正则表达式表达或由有限状态机识别的语言。语言是由指定字母表或符号集中的字符组成的字符串集合。

The process of applying a hashing algorithm again when a collision has occurred.
发生冲突时再次应用哈希算法的过程。

Software used to organise data into tables and define relationships between data attributes in different tables.
用于将数据组织成表并定义不同表中数据属性之间关系的软件。

Operators such as > (greater than) or = (equals) that compare two values and evaluate to True or False.
诸如 >（大于）或 =（等于）之类的运算符，用于比较两个值并计算为真或假。

The absolute error value expressed as a percentage of the true value.
表示为真实值百分比的绝对误差值。

Any external storage devices that can be easily removed from a computer, for example USB flash drives or SD cards.
任何可以轻松从计算机中移除的外部存储设备，例如 USB 闪存驱动器或 SD 卡。

Read Evaluate Print Loop. Often called the ‘shell’, it accepts an expression input by the user, interprets it, outputs the result, and returns to accept the next expression.
读取-求值-打印循环。通常称为“shell”，它接受用户输入的表达式，对其进行解释，输出结果，并返回以接受下一个表达式。

Representational State Transfer. An architecture style for developing web services.
表述性状态转移。一种用于开发 Web 服务的架构风格。

Radio Frequency Identification. A system that uses electromagnetic fields to read data from tags attached to objects.
射频识别。一种使用电磁场从附着在物体上的标签读取数据的系统。

Run Length Encoding. A lossless compression method where repeated runs of binary data are represented by a single instance of the data and the number of repetitions.
行程编码。一种无损压缩方法，其中重复的二进制数据运行由数据的单个实例和重复次数表示。

A specific value used to terminate a loop or recursive algorithm. Also known as a sentinel value.
用于终止循环或递归算法的特定值。也称为哨兵值。

Read Only Memory. Memory that can be read from, but not written to.
只读存储器。可以从中读取但不能写入的存储器。

The process of reducing the number of digits in a number by examining the digits that follow that will be discarded.
通过检查将被丢弃的后续数字来减少数字位数的过程。

A networking device with two or more interfaces, each in a different network. It examines the destination IP address of incoming packets to decide which interface to use to forward the packet.
具有两个或多个接口的网络设备，每个接口位于不同的网络中。它检查传入数据包的目标 IP 地址，以决定使用哪个接口转发数据包。

Reverse Polish Notation. A type of postfix notation where expressions are written with the operators after the operands.
逆波兰表示法。一种后缀表示法，其中表达式写在操作数之后带有运算符。

Request to Send/Clear to Send. A pair of signals that can be used to manage the process of sending data over a wireless network.
请求发送/清除发送。一对可用于管理无线网络上发送数据过程的信号。

An error that occurs during the execution of a program.
程序执行期间发生的错误。

A single measurement of the amplitude of an analogue signal, typically sound.
模拟信号（通常是声音）振幅的单次测量。

The number of bits used to encode each sample. Determines how accurately the sample can be represented. Also called bit depth.
用于编码每个样本的位数。决定了样本表示的准确程度。也称为位深度。

A method of capturing analogue data so that it can be converted to digital form, for example, by measuring sound at fixed intervals.
一种捕获模拟数据以便将其转换为数字形式的方法，例如，通过以固定间隔测量声音。

The amount of time (measured in seconds) between two consecutive samples.
两个连续样本之间的时间量（以秒为单位）。

The number of samples captured per second. Expressed in hertz (where 1Hz is one sample per second).
每秒捕获的样本数。以赫兹表示（其中 1Hz 为每秒一个样本）。

A single element of a number set.
数集中的单个元素。

An algorithm that determines the order in which an operating system will execute queued processes.
确定操作系统执行排队进程顺序的算法。

A description of the structure of a file in formal language.
用形式语言描述文件结构。

Defines the area of a program where an entity - typically a variable - is valid and can be used. A variable with global scope can be used anywhere in the program.
定义程序中实体（通常是变量）有效且可以使用的区域。具有全局作用域的变量可以在程序的任何位置使用。

A tool that uses algorithms to index the web and provide organised results based on the most useful sites
一种使用算法索引网络并根据最有用的网站提供有组织结果的工具

The process or industry dedicated to helping websites achieve better search rankings.
致力于帮助网站获得更好搜索排名的过程或行业。

Types of non-volatile memory that are used to permanently store data such as the operating system and user files.
用于永久存储操作系统和用户文件等数据的非易失性存储器类型。

A program control structure that uses a logical expression to determine which path the program follows, depending on whether the expression evaluates to True or False.
一种程序控制结构，使用逻辑表达式根据表达式的计算结果是 True 还是 False 来确定程序遵循的路径。

The target of a style rule. This can be an HTML element, an id, or a class.
样式规则的目标。这可以是 HTML 元素、id 或类。

Program code that uses meaningful identifiers for the names of subroutines, variables, and other references so that fewer comments are needed.
使用有意义的标识符作为子程序、变量和其他引用的名称，从而减少注释需求的程序代码。

A set of instructions that will be carried out, one after another, in the stated order.
按规定顺序依次执行的一组指令。

A method of data transmission where bits are sent one at a time over a single wire.
一种数据传输方法，其中位在单根导线上一次发送一个。

A method of handling concurrent updates to a database.
一种处理数据库并发更新的方法。

A computer on a network that provides a service. Examples include file server, print server, and web server.
网络上提供服务的计算机。示例包括文件服务器、打印服务器和 Web 服务器。

An unordered collection of unique elements of the same data type.
相同数据类型的唯一元素的无序集合。

The sequence of edges between two nodes of a graph with the lowest total weight.
图中两个节点之间总权重最低的边序列。

A type of social engineering attack designed to steal a victim's password or other sensitive information by using close visual observation.
一种社会工程攻击，旨在通过近距离视觉观察窃取受害者的密码或其他敏感信息。

A method of representing signed (i.e. negative and positive) numbers where the most significant bit is used as a sign bit and has no place value.
一种表示有符号（即负数和正数）数字的方法，其中最高有效位用作符号位且没有位值。

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. An application layer protocol that handles the sending of emails.
简单邮件传输协议。处理电子邮件发送的应用层协议。

Techniques used to trick users into giving away personal information by psychological manipulation.
通过心理操纵欺骗用户泄露个人信息的技术。

Technologies that allow people to create and share information, and interact using virtual communities and networks.
允许人们创建和共享信息，并利用虚拟社区和网络进行互动的技术。

An addressable location that provides an endpoint for communication between two internet hosts. Sockets are addressed via their port number.
提供两个互联网主机之间通信端点的可寻址位置。套接字通过其端口号进行寻址。

A generic term used to refer to applications, scripts, programs and systems that run on a device and execute specific tasks.
用于指代在设备上运行并执行特定任务的应用程序、脚本、程序和系统的通用术语。

The process of developing a computer system.
开发计算机系统的过程。

A legal document that outlines any restrictions on the use and/or distribution of a piece of software.
概述软件使用和/或分发限制的法律文件。

Program code that has not been compiled.
尚未编译的程序代码。

The amount of memory needed to run an algorithm relative to the size of its input.
运行算法所需的内存量（相对于其输入大小）。

A form of malware that captures data from a computing device and transmits it without the user's knowledge.
一种恶意软件，可在用户不知情的情况下从计算设备捕获数据并将其传输。

Structured Query Language. A declarative language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system
结构化查询语言。一种专为管理关系数据库管理系统中保存的数据而设计的声明性语言。

A type of cyberattack where a hacker inserts malicious SQL code into a web page to manipulate a database query allowing them to gain unauthorised access to data.
一种网络攻击，黑客将恶意 SQL 代码插入网页以操纵数据库查询，从而获得对数据的未授权访问。

A statement that is run against a database to select or manipulate data.
针对数据库运行以选择或操作数据的语句。

Solid-state drive. A storage device composed of flash memory that is non-volatile. Binary data is stored in electrical circuits and can be accessed at random.
固态硬盘。由非易失性闪存组成的存储设备。二进制数据存储在电路中，可以随机访问。

Secure Shell. A protocol that allows for data to be encrypted.
安全外壳协议。一种允许加密数据的协议。

An abstract data type that defines a linear structure where the last item to be added is the first item to be removed (called last in, first out or LIFO).
一种抽象数据类型，定义了一种线性结构，其中最后添加的项目是最先移除的项目（称为后进先出或 LIFO）。

An entry of the call stack for a specific instance of an active subroutine. The frame will contain the values of parameters and local variables and the address to be returned to when the instance is removed from the stack.
活动子程序特定实例的调用栈条目。该帧将包含参数和局部变量的值，以及实例从栈中移除时要返回的地址。

An approach to systems development where each stage is completed before the next stage is started.
一种系统开发方法，其中每个阶段在下一阶段开始之前完成。

A set of specifications for hardware or software that are agreed by the technology community.
技术界商定的一组硬件或软件规范。

The arrangement (usually physical) of a network where devices are connected through a central point, e.g. a switch.
网络的排列（通常是物理排列），其中设备通过中心点（例如交换机）连接。

A bit that is sent to signify the start of transmission when using asynchronous communication.
使用异步通信时发送的用于表示传输开始的位。

An image that represents the logic of a finite state machine.
表示有限状态机逻辑的图像。

A table that represents the logic of a finite state machine.
表示有限状态机逻辑的表。

An instruction in a computer program.
计算机程序中的一条指令。

A collection of data whose size cannot change during program runtime.
在程序运行时大小不能更改的数据集合。

A method used by a firewall, that checks traffic against a list of rules to determine whether the traffic should be allowed to pass through.
防火墙使用的一种方法，根据规则列表检查流量以确定是否允许流量通过。

A register that keeps track of the state of the processor. The different bits are used as status flags.
跟踪处理器状态的寄存器。不同的位用作状态标志。

A bit that is sent to signify the end of transmission when using asynchronous communication.
使用异步通信时发送的用于表示传输结束的位。

The fundamental idea that program instructions are stored in main memory from where they are fetched, decoded and executed by the processor.
程序指令存储在主存储器中，处理器从那里获取、解码和执行这些指令的基本思想。

A sequence of characters, e.g. letters, numbers, spaces, and other symbols.
字符序列，例如字母、数字、空格和其他符号。

The number of characters in a string.
字符串中的字符数。

A password that is hard to crack because it would take a hacker too many attempts to use brute force to guess it correctly within a useful timeframe.
一种难以破解的密码，因为黑客需要尝试太多次才能在有用的时间范围内通过暴力破解正确猜出它。

A method of writing algorithms using simple English words for commands and mathematical operations.
一种使用简单的英语单词作为命令和数学运算来编写算法的方法。

Used to describe how a particular HTML element or collection of HTML elements on a webpage should look.
用于描述网页上特定 HTML 元素或 HTML 元素集合的外观。

A pen designed specifically to interact with touchscreens, such as a smartphone or graphic tablet.
专为与触摸屏（如智能手机或绘图板）交互而设计的笔。

A bitmask that allows the network ID to be revealed from an IP address for routing purposes.
允许从 IP 地址中显示网络 ID 以进行路由的位掩码。

A named section of code that can be called to perform a specific task by using the subroutine identifier in a program statement. A subroutine can be either a procedure or a function.
代码的命名部分，可以通过在程序语句中使用子程序标识符来调用以执行特定任务。子程序可以是过程或函数。

Defines how data must be passed into and out of a subroutine in terms of parameters and return values.
根据参数和返回值定义数据必须如何传入和传出子程序。

A set that is made up of some or all values from another set.
由另一个集中的部分或全部值组成的集合。

A cipher where one character, or set of characters, is substituted by another character (or set of characters) according to a fixed system of substitution.
一种密码，其中一个字符或一组字符根据固定的替换系统被另一个字符（或一组字符）替换。

A part of a string.
字符串的一部分。

A network component that is used to connect devices on a local area network. It learns which device is connected to each of its ports so that it can switch traffic directly to the correct recipient.
用于连接局域网上设备的网络组件。它了解每个端口连接了哪个设备，以便可以将流量直接切换到正确的接收者。

A method of encryption where the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt a message.
一种加密方法，其中使用相同的密钥来加密和解密消息。

A method of communication where data is transmitted over a channel at a constant rate controlled by a shared clock signal.
一种通信方法，其中数据以由共享时钟信号控制的恒定速率在信道上传输。

The precise way that program statements must be written to be understood by the computer. It is specific to the programming language that you use.
为了被计算机理解，程序语句必须被编写的精确方式。它是特定于您使用的编程语言的。

A method of checking whether a string conforms to the grammar of a context-free language such as BNF.
检查字符串是否符合上下文无关语言（如 BNF）语法的方法。

An error that occurs when the rules of the programming language are not adhered to; for instance, a missing bracket.
当不遵守编程语言规则时发生的错误；例如，缺少括号。

An oscillator that produces a continuous stream of alternating signals, interpreted as $1$s and $0$s. The clock signal is carried to every component of the computer system to synchronise operations.
产生连续交变信号流的振荡器，解释为 $1$ 和 $0$。时钟信号被传送到计算机系统的每个组件以同步操作。

A list of objectives that a new or replacement computer system must satisfy.
新计算机系统或替换计算机系统必须满足的目标列表。

The specification of precisely what needs to be achieved by a new or replacement computer system.
关于新计算机系统或替换计算机系统需要实现什么的精确规范。

Software that interfaces with the hardware of the computer system and performs tasks that are machine-oriented.
与计算机系统硬件接口并执行面向机器任务的软件。

A function that returns a list of items without its head.
返回不带头部的项目列表的函数。

A conceptual four-layer model and set of protocols for internet communications.
用于互联网通信的概念性四层模型和协议集。

A device at the end of a network cable, that absorbs data signals, to prevent them reflecting back.
位于网络电缆末端的设备，用于吸收数据信号，防止其反射回来。

Data that has been carefully selected for testing. It should include normal, boundary, and invalid values as appropriate.
经过精心挑选用于测试的数据。它应视情况包括正常值、边界值和无效值。

The systematic process of checking that a subroutine, program, or system works as expected.
检查子程序、程序或系统是否按预期工作的系统过程。

A piece of software designed to display text files and allow users to edit them. Examples include Notepad and TextEdit.
旨在显示文本文件并允许用户对其进行编辑的软件。示例包括记事本和 TextEdit。

A file containing character data, with no special formatting. Examples of text file type extensions include '.txt' and '.csv'. Text files can be read and made sense of by humans as well as by computer systems.
包含字符数据且没有特殊格式的文件。文本文件类型扩展名的示例包括“.txt”和“.csv”。文本文件可以被人类和计算机系统读取和理解。

The amount of time needed to run an algorithm relative to the size of its input.
运行算法所需的时间量（相对于其输入大小）。

A slot of time allocated to a computer process so that multiple processes can appear to be running at the same time.
分配给计算机进程的时间段，以便多个进程可以看起来同时运行。

The process of assigning token names to code elements as part of the process of compiling a program.
作为编译程序过程的一部分，将标记名称分配给代码元素的过程。

A pointer to the top of a stack.
指向栈顶部的指针。

The physical or logical arrangement of connections and devices in a network.
网络中连接和设备的物理或逻辑排列。

A table with a column for each variable that allows its values to be recorded during a dry run of the code (or pseudocode).
每个变量都有一列的表，允许在代码（或伪代码）试运行期间记录其值。

Following the flow of execution of a program, tracking the values of variables as they change, as well as the outputs.
跟随程序的执行流程，跟踪变量值及其输出的变化。

A problem that can be solved by a computer system in a reasonable amount of time.
计算机系统可以在合理时间内解决的问题。

A set of rules for a Turing machine that use the current state and input symbol to determine the output symbol, next state, and movement of the head.
图灵机的一组规则，使用当前状态和输入符号来确定输出符号、下一个状态和磁头的移动。

A piece of system software that converts code written by a programmer into a form that can be executed by a computer system.
一种系统软件，将程序员编写的代码转换为计算机系统可执行的形式。

The physical connection between devices on a network. It can be broadly categorised into either wired media (e.g. fibre-optic cables) or wireless.
网络上设备之间的物理连接。它可以大致分为有线介质（例如光纤电缆）或无线介质。

An algorithm that visits the items in a data structure one at a time.
一种一次访问数据结构中一个项目的算法。

A graph that is fully connected with no cycles.
没有循环的完全连接图。

The systematic process of visiting (checking/updating) each node in a tree exactly once.
系统地访问（检查/更新）树中每个节点恰好一次的过程。

A piece of malware that is hidden inside another file in a computer system.
隐藏在计算机系统另一个文件中的恶意软件。

The operation of cutting off characters or digits at the start or the end of a number or a (text) string.
在数字或（文本）字符串的开头或结尾切断字符或数字的操作。

A table showing the outputs for all possible combinations of inputs to a logic gate or a circuit made up of logic gates.
显示逻辑门或由逻辑门组成的电路的所有可能输入组合的输出的表。

A model of computation that defines computability. Its components are a read/write head, an infinite tape, and a set of transition functions.
定义可计算性的计算模型。它的组件是读/写头、无限磁带和一组转换函数。

A method of representing signed (i.e. negative and positive) numbers where the most significant bit has a negative place value.
一种表示有符号（即负数和正数）数字的方法，其中最高有效位具有负位值。

User Datagram Protocol. A transport layer protocol that prioritises the speed of data transmission over reliability.
用户数据报协议。一种传输层协议，优先考虑数据传输速度而非可靠性。

Occurs when the result of a calculation is a number that is too small to be represented in a given number of bits.
当计算结果太小而无法用给定位数表示时发生。

An encoding format that allocates a numeric code to characters in order for them to be represented in binary within a computer system. Unicode covers the characters for most known alphabets and special symbols (e.g. mathematical operators, geometric shapes, arrows, emojis, etc.).
一种编码格式，为字符分配数字代码，以便它们可以在计算机系统内以二进制表示。Unicode 涵盖了大多数已知字母表和特殊符号（例如数学运算符、几何形状、箭头、表情符号等）的字符。

A set operation between two or more sets that results in a new set that contains all the distinct elements from the original sets.
两个或多个集合之间的集合运算，结果是一个包含原始集合中所有不同元素的新集合。

A model of a computing machine that can simulate any Turing machine by reading a description of the machine from its own tape
一种计算机器模型，可以通过从自己的磁带上读取机器的描述来模拟任何图灵机

Uniform Resource Locator. The address of a resource on the internet. It indicates the location of a resource as well as the protocol used to access it.
统一资源定位符。互联网上资源的地址。它指示资源的位置以及用于访问它的协议。

The person interacting with a computer system through its user interface.
通过用户界面与计算机系统交互的人。

A subcategory of system software that improves the security or performance of a computer system. Examples include antivirus software and registry cleaners.
系统软件的一个子类别，可提高计算机系统的安全性或性能。示例包括防病毒软件和注册表清理器。

Unshielded Twisted Pair cable. A type of cable where two conductors are twisted together to reduce interference. Also known as Ethernet cable.
非屏蔽双绞线电缆。一种电缆，其中两根导体绞合在一起以减少干扰。也称为以太网电缆。

Checking that data is acceptable by comparing it against a set of criteria.
通过将数据与一组标准进行比较来检查数据是否可接受。

An identifier associated with an area of computer memory in which data is stored. The data can change during program execution.
与存储数据的计算机内存区域关联的标识符。数据可以在程序执行期间更改。

An abstract data type that defines a collection of entries drawn from the same field.
一种抽象数据类型，定义了从同一字段中提取的条目集合。

An image that is stored as a set of instructions to recreate it. Uses a drawing list made up of a set of objects and their properties.
存储为一组用于重新创建它的指令的图像。使用由一组对象及其属性组成的绘图列表。

An illustration that uses circles to show the relationships between different groups of elements. Where the circles overlap, it shows that there are elements in common.
使用圆圈显示不同元素组之间关系的插图。圆圈重叠的地方表示有共同的元素。

An encryption method where each character is combined with a corresponding key character using a logical bitwise XOR operation.
一种加密方法，其中每个字符使用逻辑按位异或运算与相应的密钥字符组合。

A fundamental unit of data within a graph data structure. Also called node.
图数据结构中的基本数据单位。也称为节点。

A live meeting between two or more people in different locations using video-enabled devices.
两个或多个人使用支持视频的设备在不同地点进行的实时会议。

A network whose logical structure is independent of its physical structure. A VLAN is a virtual local area network.
其逻辑结构独立于其物理结构的网络。VLAN 是虚拟局域网。

A method of using a shared storage device, sometimes connected to the internet, that a user can access as if it were local storage.
使用共享存储设备（有时连接到互联网）的方法，用户可以像访问本地存储一样访问该设备。

Malware in the form of a program that attaches itself to another file and can replicate itself when the file is executed.
一种程序形式的恶意软件，它将自身附加到另一个文件，并在执行该文件时自我复制。

The set of nodes of a graph that have been fully explored
已被完全探索的图节点集合

A variety of techniques used to illustrate a problem and/or its solution to make it easier to understand.
用于说明问题和/或其解决方案以使其更易于理解的各种技术。

Memory that only retains data when there is power to the device.
仅在设备通电时才保留数据的存储器。

A computer architecture that provides a single shared memory for data and instructions.
为数据和指令提供单一共享存储器的计算机架构。

Virtual private network. Extends a private network across a public network (such as the internet), allowing secure access to systems and data.
虚拟专用网络。通过公共网络（如互联网）扩展专用网络，允许安全访问系统和数据。

A weakness in a computer system that leaves it open to attack, such as an insecure wireless network or unpatched software.
计算机系统中的弱点，使其容易受到攻击，例如不安全的无线网络或未修补的软件。

A linear approach to software development where each stage is completed before the next stage begins.
一种线性的软件开发方法，其中每个阶段在下一阶段开始之前完成。

Software that browses the web constantly, following links to discover new pages and scanning their content so that the information can be stored in a search engine's index.
不断浏览网页、跟随链接发现新页面并扫描其内容以便将信息存储在搜索引擎索引中的软件。

A set of rules that allows two computers to share a dedicated channel for the exchange of web page content.
允许两台计算机共享专用通道以交换网页内容的一组规则。

A value associated with an edge in a graph.
与图中的边关联的值。

A graph where values are assigned to the edges.
边被分配值的图。

A method of testing where all possible routes through a program are identified and tested.
一种测试方法，其中程序的所有可能路径都被识别并测试。

The tradename for a family of wireless network protocols that allow devices to communicate over a local network using radio waves.
一系列无线网络协议的商标名，允许设备使用无线电波在局域网上进行通信。

Two or more distinct networks connected together, usually covering a large geographical area.
连接在一起的两个或多个不同的网络，通常覆盖较大的地理区域。

A network device that manages wireless connections to a local area network.
管理到局域网的无线连接的网络设备。

Wireless local area network. Uses wireless communication protocols to connect devices on a local area network.
无线局域网。使用无线通信协议连接局域网上的设备。

A collection of hyperlinked content accessible on the internet, usually web pages.
互联网上可访问的超链接内容的集合，通常是网页。

Malware that is able to replicate itself and does not need to use another file as a vector.
能够自我复制且不需要使用另一个文件作为载体的恶意软件。

Wi-Fi Protected Access v2/3. A protocol for encrypting data on a wireless network.
Wi-Fi 保护访问 v2/3。一种用于加密无线网络上数据的协议。

A file handling mode that allows a program to write data to a file. If the file does not exist, a new file is created, while if the file already exists, the content is overwritten.
允许程序将数据写入文件的一文件处理模式。如果文件不存在，则创建一个新文件；如果文件已存在，则内容将被覆盖。

Extensible Markup Language. An open file format that uses human-readable text for data transmission.
可扩展标记语言。一种使用人类可读文本进行数据传输的开放文件格式。

A Boolean operation that outputs True if either, but not both, of the input values are True
一个布尔运算，如果两个输入值中的一个（但不是两个）为真，则输出真